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Oleo is the GNU spreadsheet program. This documentation is of Oleo version 1.99.13, as of July 29 2000. It is by no means complete, nor necessarily accurate for that matter.

> 1. Basics |
> 2. Entering Data |
> 3. Making Changes |
> 4. Style |
> 5. Multiple Windows |
> 6. Options |
> 7. Printing and Plotting |
> 8. Macros |
> 9. Programs |
> 10. Keymaps and defining keys |
> 11. Functions |
> 12. Extending the Oleo system |
> 13. Reporting Bugs |
> 14. A Motif Graphical User Interface for Oleo |
> 15. Accessing Databases |
> 16. Key Index |
> 17. Command Index |
> 18. Function Index |
> 19. Options Index |
> 20. Concept Index |

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# 1. Basics

`Oleo` is the GNU spreadsheet (1).

`Oleo` has more than one user interface. The traditional `oleo` environment shows a curses based (character mode) user interface. A bare bones user interface based on the X Window System exists as of version 1.6 which dates back to 1994. In 1998, development started for a `motif` based user interface. It should be more user friendly than the character based UI.

Most of this manual describes the character based user interface, the `motif` user interface is treaded in (see section 14. A Motif Graphical User Interface for Oleo).

To start Oleo, type `oleo`. If `filename` is the name of a spreadsheet that you have saved from a previous `oleo` session, you can type `oleo filename` to start Oleo with the spreadsheet loaded.

To stop Oleo, type `C-x C-c`. This will prompt you for the name of a file in which to save the current spreadsheet. If you do not want to save it, type `RET`, otherwise type the name of the filename that you wish to save it in, and then press `RET`.

Type `C-z` to suspend `oleo`. This does not do anything if you are running under X-windows.

If you wish to abort a command, type `C-g`

> Typing | How to type commands
> Cell referencing | Two ways of naming cells
> The Screen | The parts of the screen
> Cursor and Mark | The cell cursor and the mark
> Recalculation | How updating works
> Movement | Moving around the spreadsheet
> Mouse | Using the mouse
> Regions and Variables | How to use regions and variables
> Getting Help | Getting help
> Saving and reading | Saving and reading Spreadsheets
> Command Line Options | Command Line Options
> ~/.oleorc file | The initialization file
> Expressions | Types of expressions

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## 1.1 How to type commands

We use emacs abbreviations for keystrokes. These examples should make the notation clear.

`C-c`
  Hold down the control key and press `c`
`C-D`
  Hold down the control key and press `D` (capital `D`)
`C-x c`
  Hold down the control key and press `x`, then press `c`
`C-u C-x c`
  Hold down the control key and press `ux`, then press `c`
`M-c`
  Type an escape followed by a `c`. If you can't find the escape key, you can always type `C-[`.
`M-C-c`
  Type an escape followed by `C-c`.

Some commands are not bound to key strokes. For instance, if you wish to erase the entire spreadsheet, you have to use the command `clear-spreadsheet`. To execute a command, type `M-x` and then the command name:

                   M-x clear-spreadsheet

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## 1.2 Cell Referencing

Many commands and functions operate on a given cell or group of cells, and therefore take a cell or range reference (address) as an argument. An individual cell is specified by its row/column coordinates, which start with row 1, column 1 in the upper left of the spreadsheet. A range is a rectangular group of cells, specified by giving its left and rightmost columns and top and bottom rows.

A reference may be absolute or relative. An absolute reference is measured from the upper left of the spreadsheet, and does not change when the cell containing it is moved or copied. A relative reference, however, is measured as an offset from the cell it is in, and when moved points to the cell at the same offset relative to the new location.

There are two ways of addressing cells in Oleo, called `a0` and `noa0`. To switch between the modes, use the `set-option` command:

`M-x set-option a0`
  Sets `a0` mode.
`M-x set-option no a0`
  Sets `noa0` mode.

In both modes the case of cell and range letters is ignored.

> noa0 mode | Using noa0 Mode
> a0 mode | Using a0 Mode
> Comparison | Comparing a0 and noa0 modes

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### 1.2.1 noa0 Mode

In `noa0` mode (the default), absolute cell addresses have the form `RrowCcol`, where row and col are the row and column (as integers). Thus, `R1C2` is the second cell from the left on the top row. The cell in the leftmost uppermost corner is `R1C1`, and the cell in the rightmost lowermost corner is `R65535C65535`.

Relative addresses have the form `R[rowoffset]C[coloffset]`, as in `R[-1]C[+1]` (the cell above and to the right of the current cell). An offset of 0 can be omitted, along with its square brackets: `RC[+2]` (the cell two columns to the right). The plus signs of positive offsets can also be omitted. Absolute and relative addresses can be combined, as in `R4C[-1]` (the cell in row four that's one left of the current cell).

Ranges in `noa0` mode are specified as `Rrow1:row2Ccol1:col2`, where the row and column references may be either absolute or relative, and can be mixed. Thus, `R1:4C1:[-2]` refers to the cells of rows one through 4, columns one through the second column to the left. If row1 = row2 or col1 = col2, the colon and second number may be omitted, as in `R1:10C2` (rows one through ten in column two).

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### 1.2.2 a0 Mode

In `a0` mode, relative references have the form col_let row_num, where col_let is the letter of the column and row-num is the row number. col_let can be upper or lower case. The cell in the leftmost uppermost corner is `A1`, and the cell in the rightmost lowermost corner is `CRXO65535`. The columns are initially single letters (A-Z) , then double letters (AA-ZZ), then triple letters (AAA-ZZZ), and finally some quadruple letters (AAAA-CRXO).

`B3` refers to the cell in the second column of row 3. Since this is a relative reference, it will change when the containing cell is moved, to refer to the cell at the same relative position; e.g., if the cell is moved two columns to the right the reference will change to `D3`.

Absolute references have the form `$`col_let`$`row_num, as in `$A$1` (top left cell). These do not change when the containing cell is moved. Both types can be mixed with predictable results, e.g., `$A4` has an absolute column but a relative row.

Ranges are given as cell_ref`:`cell_ref or cell_ref`.`cell_ref, where the cell_refs describe diagonally opposite corners of the range. Thus, `A1:B2` refers to the topmost, leftmost four cells in the spreadsheet.

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### 1.2.3 Comparison

In order to get an understanding of these two addressing modes, assume that the cell cursor is in `E7` = `R7C5`. The left hand column is `noa0` mode, and the right hand one is `a0` mode.

                     R1C2              $B$1
                     R[-1]C[+1]        F6
                     RC[+2]            G7
                     R4C[-1]           $D4

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## 1.3 The Screen

The screen is divided into three parts: the input line, the status line, and the work area.

> Minibuffer | The input line
> Status Line | The status line
> Work Area | The work area and its borders

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### 1.3.1 The input line

The input line is also referred to as the Minibuffer. This is where you enter data into cells (see section 2.2 Entering values in a cell). You can change the location of the input line. For example, to change the input line to the bottom of the screen, type

    M-x set-option RET input -1

This can be made the default. (see section 1.12 The ``~/.oleorc'` file)

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### 1.3.2 The status line

The status line describes the current status. This includes:

- The cell number (e.g., `A1` or `R1C1`), or the current range (cursor to mark) if the mark is set (2)
- The `C-u` repeat count of the current command (if set), in curly braces
- The value of the cell
- The literal contents of the cell, if a formula

For instance, if the mark is located at cell `D4`, the cell cursor is in cell `A11`, the cell contents is `@sum(A1.B10)`, and the sum of the entries in the region `A1.B10` is 89, then the status line is

    *A11:D4 89 [@sum(A1.B10)]

The ``*'` indicates that the mark is set, and thus `A11:D4` is the range from the cursor cell to the mark. You can change the location of the status line using `M-x set-option`. To move the status line to the bottom of the screen, type

    M-x set-option RET status -1

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### 1.3.3 The work area and its borders

The work area is surrounded by a border giving the row and column numbers. When there are multiple windows, there will be several borders. A cell is a box that can hold data. The cell cursor is the highlighted rectangle indicating the `active cell'. A region is a rectangular block of cells. Regions are described by giving coordinates of the upper left cell and lower right cell.

The appearance of the screen can be changed (see section 6.1 Changing Oleo's appearance).

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## 1.4 The cell cursor and the mark

Every window has its own cell cursor. The most recently used window defines the current cell position. There is one cell marker, called the `mark', global to the spreadsheet.

`C-x j`
  You are asked for a cell to go to, and the cell cursor is moved there. The cell can be either a cell name as in `R32C96`, or a variable. This command starts with a default of wherever the cursor was the last time this command was used. (`goto-cell`)

`M-x j`
  You are asked for a region. The cursor is placed in the top-left corner of the region, and the cell-mark is placed at the opposite corner of the region. (`goto-region`)

`C-@`
  Set the cell mark to the current cell. (`mark-cell`)

`C-u C-@`
  Set the cell cursor equal to the mark, and clear the mark,

`C-x C-x`
  Exchange the cell cursor and cell mark. (`exchange-point-and-mark`)

`C-u C-x C-x`
  Clear the mark.

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## 1.5 How updating works

Oleo periodically recalculates the values of the spreadsheet that can change. This calculation can be done between keystrokes, and usually stops when a key is pressed. This behavior can be changed with the options `background` and `nobackground`. The time between updates (initially 10 seconds) can be changed using the option `ticks`. You can also disable automatic recalculation with the option `noauto`. In this case, recalculation is only done when the `recalculate` command is used. (see section 6. Options)

`C-x !`
  Recalculate the spreadsheet until all the cells whose values may have changed have been evaluated. If there are circular cell references, the cells in the loop will be evaluated at most 40 times (this number subject to change!). (`recalculate`)

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## 1.6 Moving around the spreadsheet

> Single Cell Movement | Moving to a neighboring cell
> Scanning | Finding the next empty cell
> Large Scale Movement | Moving long distances
> Movement examples | Examples of movement commands
> Screen Moving | Moving by screens

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### 1.6.1 Moving to a neighboring cell

The arrow keys work in the obvious fashion, moving the cell cursor one cell in the direction of the key. In addition, there are keyboard commands

`C-p`
  Move up one cell (`up-cell`)
`C-n`
  Move down one cell (`down-cell`)
`C-f`
  Move forward (right) one cell (`right-cell`)
`C-b`
  Move backward (left) one cell (`left-cell`)

There are also commands for diagonal movements, but they are not bound to any keys. These commands are `upleft-cell`, `downleft-cell`, `upright-cell`, `downright-cell`.

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### 1.6.2 Finding the next empty cell

These commands move to the next empty cell in a given direction. (3)

`M-p`
  Move to the first empty cell above the current cell in the current column. If given a repeat count, go to the N-th most empty cell. (`scan-up`)
`M-n`
  Move to the first empty cell below the current cell in the current column. If given a repeat count, go to the N-th most empty cell. (`scan-down`)
`M-f`
  Move to the first empty cell to the right of the current cell in the current row. If given a repeat count, go to the N-th most empty cell. (`scan-right`)
`M-b`
  Move to the first empty cell to the left of the current cell in the current row. If given a repeat count, go to the N-th most empty cell. (`scan-left`)

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### 1.6.3 Moving long distances

These commands move over large areas of the spreadsheet, so they first set the mark to the current cell before moving (if it's not already set). You can thus jump back to where you were with `C-x C-x` (`exchange-point-and-mark`).

`M-<`
  Go to the upper left cell (4). (`upper-left`)

`M->`
  Go to lower right cell. The lower right cell is the cell in the rightmost column that has a value, and the lowermost row that has a value. There might not be any value in the lower right cell. (`lower-right`)

`C-a`
  Go to the beginning of the row. With a `C-u` prefix argument n, it also moves n-1 (5) rows down first. (`beginning-of-row`)

`C-e`
  Go to the last cell of the current row (that has a value). A `C-u` prefix is also accepted. (`end-of-row`)
`M-C-a`
  Go to the beginning of the column. (`beginning-of-column`)
`M-C-e`
  Go to the last cell of the current column. (`end-of-column`)

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### 1.6.4 Examples of movement commands

We use the spreadsheet below. The blank squares are empty.

                  | A | B | C | D | E | F |
                --|---|---|---|---|---|---|
                1 |   |   |   |   |   |   |
                --|---|---|---|---|---|---|
                2 |   |   | x |   | x |   |
                --|---|---|---|---|---|---|
                3 |   |   | x | x | x |   |
                --|---|---|---|---|---|---|
                4 |   | x |   |   |   |   |
                --|---|---|---|---|---|---|

The first column is the command, the second is the cell the cell cursor is in initially, and the third column is the location of the cell cursor at the end of the command.

                    M-<       B4    =>    A1

                    M->       B4    =>    E4
                    M->       C2    =>    E4

                    C-a       E4    =>    E1
                    C-a       D4    =>    E1

                    C-e       A4    =>    B4
                    C-e       A3    =>    E3
                    C-e       A2    =>    E2
                    C-e       A1    =>    A1

                    M-C-a     E2    =>    E1
                    M-C-e     B1    =>    B4

                    M-f       A4    =>    C4
                    M-f       A2    =>    D2

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### 1.6.5 Moving by screens

These commands scroll the current window one screenful in the appropriate direction. They try to leave the cell cursor in approximately the same place, so that `M-v` followed by `C-v` should leave the cell cursor in the original cell. In addition to these commands, there are diagonal movements that are not bound to keys: `scroll-upright`, `scroll-upleft`, `scroll-downright`, `scroll-downleft`.

`M-v`
  Scroll up one screenful. (`scroll-up`)
`C-v`
  Scroll down one screenful. (`scroll-down`)
`C-x >`
  Scroll right one screenful. (`scroll-right`)
`C-x <`
  Scroll left one screenful. (`scroll-left`)

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## 1.7 Using the mouse

It is possible to use to mouse to move the cell cursor. `down-mouse-0` means to press the leftmost mouse button.

`down-mouse-0`
  Move to the cell pointed to by the mouse. (`mouse-goto`)

`down-mouse-1`
  Set the mark to the cell pointed to by the mouse, but don't move the cell cursor. (`mouse-mark`)

`down-mouse-2`
  Set the mark to the current cell, and move to the cell pointed to by the mouse. (`mouse-mark-and-goto`) (6)

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## 1.8 Regions and Variables

Variables are symbolic names for regions of a spreadsheet. Once defined, they can be used in cell formulas as region addresses. They can also be used as arguments to any command that expects a region address. A variable name should not be the name of a cell. Thus, `A1` is not a good name for a variable.

`C-x :`
  Use this command to set a variable (`set-variable`). For instance, to set the variable `test1` to the region `B2:C3`, type

              C-x :   test1    RET   B2:C3   RET

`C-h v`
  Shows the value of a variable. To find the value of `test1`, type

              C-h v test1 RET

  If the variable has not been defined you get an error. If you mistype `test1` as `tset1`, you get the message

              there is no 'tset1'

`C-h C-v`
  This lists all variables and their current values.

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## 1.9 Getting Help

`C-h`
  Enter into the help system. The commands below give various bits of information about Oleo.

`C-h C`
  When a complex command is being invoked (i.e., when Oleo is prompting you for arguments), `C-x C` displays documentation for the command being invoked. This can often be used to get more information about what is being prompted for.

`C-h c`
  Give the name of the command (if any) associated with of the next keystroke(s). For instance, to find out command is executed when you type `M-p`, type `C-h c M-p`. (`describe-key-briefly`)

`C-h k`
  Give a brief description of the command associated with the next keystroke(s). For instance, to find out what `M-p` does, type `C-h k M-p`. (`describe-key`)

`C-h f`
  Give a description of a command (one that you execute with `M-x`). For instance, to find out exactly what ``scan-up'` does, type `C-h f scan-up`. (`describe-function`)

`C-h F`
  Give a description of a formula function. For instance, to find out how to use ``@sum'`, type `C-h F sum`. Note that even though `@sum` is used in `a0` mode, you must type `C-h F sum`, not `C-h F @sum`. (`describe-formula-function`)

`C-h w`
  Give the key(s) (if any) that a command is bound to. For example, to find which keys ``scan-up'` is bound to, type `C-h w scan-up`. (`where-is`)

`C-h v`
  Show the value of a variable. (`show-variable`)

`C-h C-v`
  Show the values of all the variables. (`show-all-variables`)

`C-h o`
  Show all the options that have been set. (`show-options`)

`C-h W`
  Display all the bindings of the keys. (`view-wallchart`)

`C-h C-w`
  Write all the bindings of the keys to a file. (`write-wallchart`)

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## 1.10 Saving and Reading Spreadsheets

`Oleo` can save a spreadsheet, visit a saved one, or merge with a previously saved one.

`C-x C-s`
  Save the spreadsheet to a file, using the current file-format. (`save-spreadsheet`) (7)

`C-x C-v`
  Read in a file in the current file-format. This erases the current contents of the spreadsheet first. This may ask for confirmation. (`visit-spreadsheet`)

`C-x i`
  Read in a file and merge its contents into the current spreadsheet. Note that some file-formats, (like panic-save) won't work with this command. (`merge-spreadsheet`)

`M-x toggle-load-hooks`
  Change whether load-hooks are run when spreadsheets are loaded. When active, the find-alternate-spreadsheet command looks for a variable called `load_hooks' and executes the macro at that address. With a positive prefix argument, turns load hooks on. With a negative argument, turns them off. With no argument, acts as a toggle. (8)

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## 1.11 Command Line Options

At the command line, Oleo has several options

            oleo [options] [file]

where `file` is an optional spreadsheet to open. The remaining options are

`-q`
`--quiet`
  Be quiet. (9)
`-V`
`--version`
  print out the version and exit
`-h`
`--help`
  Describe these options
`-f`
`--ignore-init-file`
  do not read the file ``.oleorc'` on startup
`--nw`
  do not use X-windows
`-F x`
`--format x`
  set the default file type to x (oleo, list, sc, ...)
`--filter`
  stdin/stdout are used for reading and writing the spreadsheet Note this only works well for X Window System user interfaces, or in very specific circumstances.
`-s x`
`--separator x`
  set separator for 'list' file type to x
`-S`
`--space`
  set separator for 'list' file type to a space

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## 1.12 The ``~/.oleorc'` file

If there is a file ``.oleorc'` located in the home directory, it is read when Oleo starts up. For example, if you always want to use the `a0` reference system, and wish to have the status line on the bottom line, rather than on the second line from the top, your ``.oleorc'` file could be (10)

            set-option a0
            set-option status -1

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## 1.13 Expressions

A cell entry is a value or an expression of values (see section 2.1 The different values in Oleo).

> Infix expressions | Infix Expressions
> Examples | Examples of infix expressions
> Error values | A List of Error Values

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### 1.13.1 Infix Expressions

The following infix expressions are defined. Values labeled N1 and N2 are numbers (floats or integers), bool booleans, str strings, and val any type (but both sides must be the same type).

`-N1`
  Arithmetic negation: 0-N1
`!bool`
  Logical negation: `#TRUE` if bool is `#FALSE`, `#FALSE` if `#TRUE`, and an error otherwise.
`N1 ^ N2`
  Exponentiation. Note that a^b^c is defined to be a^(b^c).
`N1 * N2`
  Multiplication
`N1 / N2`
  Division
`N1 + N2`
  Addition
`N1 - N2`
  Subtraction
`N1 % N2`
  Modulus; the remainder of N1 / N2.
`N1 >=N2`
  `#TRUE` if N1 is greater than or equal to N2; else `#FALSE`
`N1 > N2`
  `#TRUE` if N1 is greater than N2; else `#FALSE`
`N1 < N2`
  `#TRUE` if N1 is less than N2; else `#FALSE`
`N1 <=N2`
  `#TRUE` if N1 is less than or equal to N2; else `#FALSE`
`val1 = val2`
  Comparison: `#TRUE` if val1 and val2 can be considered equal, `#FALSE` if not. val1 and val2 can be numbers, strings, or boolean values.
`val1 != val2`
  Equivalent to `!(val1 = val2)`.
`str1 & str2`
  Text concatenation of strings.
`bool ? val1 : val2`
  Like the C operator: if bool is `#TRUE`, val1 is evaluated; if bool is `#FALSE`, val2 is evaluated; otherwise an error is returned.
`(expr)`
  Overrides default precedence of expression expr. Note that since Oleo stores expressions in a byte-compiled form, unneeded parentheses will mysteriously vanish.

> 1.13.2 Examples |
> 1.13.3 Error Values |

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### 1.13.2 Examples

Assume that the spreadsheet contains the figure below, where the block of X's marks the cursor.

                     |  C  |  D  |
                     |     |     |
                  --------------------
                     |     |     |
                  2  |  3  |     |
                  --------------------
                     |     |     |
                  3  | "A" | "B" |
                  --------------------
                     | XXX |     |
                   4 | XXX |  7  |
                  --------------------

Here are some computations in `a0` mode.

                    C2 * D4    =>     21

                    D4 % C2    =>     1

                    C2 = D4    =>     #FALSE

                    C3 < D3    =>     #TRUE

                    C3 & D3    =>     "AB"

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### 1.13.3 Error Values

Error values are returned by the parser under various error conditions, such as invalid parameters to functions, badly formatted expressions, etc.

`#TRUE`
`#FALSE`
  The boolean true and false values. Not really errors, but classified as such to distinguish them from numbers and strings.
`#ERROR`
  An unclassified error.
`#BAD_INPUT`
  Indicates an inappropriate parameter to a formula function.
`#NON_NUMBER`
  A numerical value was expected.
`#NON_STRING`
  A string value was expected.
`#NON_BOOL`
  A boolean value was expected.
`#NON_RANGE`
  A range value was expected.
`#OUT_OF_RANGE`
  An out-of-range value was given, such as a cell coordinate outside a given cell range.
`#NO_VALUES`
  An error value.
`#DIV_BY_ZERO`
  A division by zero was attempted.
`#BAD_NAME`
  An error value that indicates an invalid variable name. It may be the symptom of an incorrectly written address, or a string literal given without double quotes.
`#NOT_AVAIL`
  An error value.
`#PARSE_ERROR`
  A generic error value that indicates the parser failed to parse an expression.
`#NEED_OPEN`
  An open parenthesis is missing.
`#NEED_CLOSE`
  A close parenthesis is missing.
`#NEED_QUOTE`
  A quote was expected; e.g., the terminating quote of a string literal.
`#UNK_CHAR`
  An unknown character was encountered.
`#UNK_FUNC`
  An unknown function was called.
`#INF`
`#INFINITY`
`#NINF`
`#MINUS_INFINITY`
`#NAN`
`#NOT_A_NUMBER`
  Various floating-point exceptions. On some machines these may be all the same value, or indistinguishable from other values.

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# 2. Entering Data

> 2.1 The different values in Oleo |
> Entering | Entering values in a cell
> Input Editing | Editing in the input line
> Cell Motion | Moving to the next input cell while editing

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## 2.1 The different values in Oleo

A value can be a literal (an immediate value, like `"foo"`, `16`, or `#TRUE`), a function call, or another expression. There are 5 types of values:

- Integers.
- Floats, expressed in the usual format: [`-`]nnn[`.`nnn][`e`[`-`]nnn], e.g., -103.14e-7 or .00000012 or 103.14.
- Strings, which are surrounded by double quotes. To include unusual characters, you can either quote them with a backslash (e.g., `"This is \"quoted\"."`) or use an octal escape code: ``\nnn'` where nnn is the octal code for the ASCII value of the character.
- Expressions, such as `@sum(A1.B3)`, or `A1 + B2`.
- Errors, which have alphabetic names and start with a ``#'` sign.
- Booleans, which are "error" values of either `#TRUE` or `#FALSE`.

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## 2.2 Entering values in a cell

To enter values into an empty cell, simply start typing. To replace the contents of a cell or of all cells in a region, use

`=`
  Replace the contents of the current cell. (`set-cell`)
`M-=`
  Replace the contents of a region. (`set-cell-region`)

For example, to put the numbers 2,3,...,11 in the cells from `B1` to `B10`, type

            M-=  B1.B10   RET   @row()+1   RET

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## 2.3 Editing in the input line

When the spreadsheet is reading text input, you can use a few text-editing commands. Note that there in no history mechanism and no yank command. If you accidentally type `C-u`, the text is erased. (11)

While the input area is active, the commands that move the cell cursor are disabled. If you want to move the cell cursor, use the other-window command (`C-x o`) to leave and later reenter the input area.

`M-a`
  Insert/over-write an absolute reference to the current cell/region. (`insert-abs-ref`)
`M-r`
  Insert/over-write a relative reference to the current cell/region. (`insert-rel-ref`)
`C-e`
  Insert/over-write the expression in the current cell into the input area. (`insert-cell-expression`)
`M-e`
  Insert/over-write the value (not the formula) of the current cell into the input area. (`insert-cell-value`)
`C-a`
  Move the cursor to the beginning of the text. (`cursor-begin-line`)
`C-e`
  Move to the end of the text. (`cursor-end-line`)
`C-b`
  Move the cursor back a character. (`cursor-back-char`)
`M-b`
  Move back a word. (`cursor-back-word`)
`C-f`
  Move forward a character. (`cursor-fwd-char`)
`M-f`
  Move forward a word. (`cursor-fwd-word`)
`C-d`
  Delete the character under the cursor. (`delete-next-char`)
`M-d`
  Delete the word under the cursor. (`delete-next-word`)
`C-?`
  Delete the character to the left of the cursor. (`delete-prev-char`)
`M-C-?`
  Delete the word to the left of the cursor. (`delete-prev-word`)
`C-k`
  Delete from the cursor to the end of the text. (`delete-to-end`)
`C-o`
  Move the cursor into the cell area.

The following commands are not bound to any keys

`toggle-overwrite`
  Toggle between overwrite and insert mode.
`delete-to-start`
  Deletes from the cursor to the beginning of the line

Almost all editing commands remember what you typed the last time you used that command, and start you up editing a copy of that text. If you want to type in something completely new, just type `C-x` (or `C-u`) and type in your new text.

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## 2.4 Moving to the next input cell while editing

When you are finished entering data in a cell, you type `RET`. If you wish to enter data in the cell below, type either `C-i` or the down-arrow key, and you are placed in the cell below, waiting for input. If you type the up-arrow key, you are placed in the cell above, waiting for input. If you type `C-j`, you move to the right. The direction of `C-i` can be changed - the commands are given below. For example, if you wish to move upwards when you type `C-i`, type `C-x m ^`.

`C-i`
  Enter the data, and move to next cell. The tab key also does this. (`next-edit`)
`C-j`
  Enter the data, and move to next cell in alternative direction (`next-edit-set`)
`C-x m ^`
  `auto-move-up`
`C-x m v`
  `auto-move-down`
`C-x m <`
  `auto-move-left`
`C-x m >`
  `auto-move-right`
`C-x m ``
  `auto-move-up-left`
`C-x m '`
  `auto-move-up-right`
`C-x m /`
  `auto-move-down-left`
`C-x m \`
  `auto-move-down-right`
`C-x m`
  `auto-move-no-motion`

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# 3. Making Changes

> Copying | Copying cells and regions
> Moving | Moving Cells and regions
> Deleting | Deleting cells and regions
> Insertion | Inserting a new row or column

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## 3.1 Copying

Both the cells, and the calculated values in the cells, can be copied from one location to another. Note, however, that any relative cell addresses present in formulas will refer to different cells -- those at the same offset from the new location. In `a0` mode, this means that the relative addresses in the new locations' formula(s) will change to reflect the new cells they refer to.

`M-c`
  Copy a region. Given two ranges, it copies the source range into the destination range. If the destination range size is a multiple of the source range size, the source range is copied multiple times. If the destination range is given as a cell, that cell is the location of the top-left corner of the destination range. (`copy-region`)
`M-C-c`
  Copy just the values of one region to another. (`copy-values-in-region`)

Consider the spreadsheet, where `B2` contains `@sum(C2.D2)`:

                 | Col B | Col C | Col D |
           ------|-------|-------|-------|
           Row 2 |   8   |   3   |   5   |
           ------|-------|-------|-------|
           Row 3 |       |   4   |   2   |
           ------|-------|-------|-------|
           Row 4 |       |   1   |   3   |
           ------|-------|-------|-------|

If you type ``M-c` B2 `RET` B3.B4`, then `B2` is unchanged, but `B3` contains `@sum(C3.D3)`, since it was copied from a formula with relative addresses. Similarly, `B4` contains `@sum(C4.D4)`. The display shows

                 | Col B | Col C | Col D |
           ------|-------|-------|-------|
           Row 2 |   8   |   3   |   5   |
           ------|-------|-------|-------|
           Row 3 |   6   |   4   |   2   |
           ------|-------|-------|-------|
           Row 4 |   4   |   1   |   3   |
           ------|-------|-------|-------|

If you had typed ``M-C-c` B2 `RET` B3.B4`, then `B2` is unchanged, `B3` contains 8, `B4` contains 8, and the display shows

                 | Col B | Col C | Col D |
           ------|-------|-------|-------|
           Row 2 |   8   |   3   |   5   |
           ------|-------|-------|-------|
           Row 3 |   8   |   4   |   2   |
           ------|-------|-------|-------|
           Row 4 |   8   |   1   |   3   |
           ------|-------|-------|-------|

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## 3.2 Moving Cells and Regions

`M-m`
  This is similar to copy-region, except that the source region is erased after the copy. The two ranges must be the same size. Relative addresses and variables whose ranges are inside the source region are adjusted, as with `copy-region`. (12) (`move-region`)

Consider the previous spreadsheet, where `B2` contains `@sum(C2.D2)`.

                 | Col B | Col C | Col D |
           ------|-------|-------|-------|
           Row 2 |   8   |   3   |   5   |
           ------|-------|-------|-------|
           Row 3 |       |   4   |   2   |
           ------|-------|-------|-------|
           Row 4 |       |   1   |   3   |
           ------|-------|-------|-------|

If we type ``M-m` B2 `RET` B3`, then `B2` is empty, `B3` contains `@sum(C3.D3)`, and the display shows

                 | Col B | Col C | Col D |
           ------|-------|-------|-------|
           Row 2 |       |   3   |   5   |
           ------|-------|-------|-------|
           Row 3 |   6   |   4   |   2   |
           ------|-------|-------|-------|
           Row 4 |       |   1   |   3   |
           ------|-------|-------|-------|

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## 3.3 Deleting

`C-k`
  Delete the current row. With an argument count it deletes several rows. (`delete-row`) For instance, to delete the row containing the cell cursor, and the next 4 rows, type `C-u 5 C-k`.
`M-k`
  Delete the current column. With an argument count it deletes several columns. (`delete-col`) For instance, to delete the column that the cell cursor is in, and the 3 columns to the right, type `C-u 4 M-k`.
`M-C-?`
  Delete the contents (value, formula, format, etc) of a region. This DOES NOT ask for confirmation. (`delete-region`)
`M-x clear-spreadsheet`
  This is an extreme action! Erase all the values in the cells, and reset all the heights and widths.

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## 3.4 Inserting Rows and Columns

These commands insert blank rows and columns.

`C-o`
  Insert a row above the cell cursor. With an argument count it adds several rows. (`insert-row`) For instance, to add 5 rows above the cell cursor, type `C-u 5 C-o`.
`M-o`
  Insert a column to the left of the cell cursor. With an argument count it adds several columns. (`insert-col`) For instance, to add 4 rows to the left of the cell cursor, type `C-u 4 M-o`.

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# 4. Style

It is often important to change how the value of a cell is displayed. It is possible to change the height and width of a cell, the font used in a cell, the alignment and protection of a cell, and the formats used to represent numbers. Entire rows and columns can be hidden.

> Alignment | Aligning cell entries
> Formats for numbers | Formats for numbers
> Cell Height | Changing the height of cells
> Width of Cells | Changing the width of cells
> Hidden Rows and Columns | Creating hidden rows and columns
> Protection | Protecting cells
> Fonts (in X11) | Working with X11 Fonts

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## 4.1 Alignment

An entry in a cell can be aligned on the left, on the right, or centered. All cells in a region can have their alignment set. The default is left alignment.

`M-a a`
  Change the alignment of the cell under the cursor. The options are `def` (the default), `l` (left), `r` (right), and `c` (center). (`set-cell-alignment`).
`M-r a`
  Change the alignment of a region. The options are the same as above. (`set-region-alignment`).
`M-d a`
  Change the default alignment. The options are `l` (left), `r` (right), and `c` (center). (`set-default-alignment`).

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## 4.2 Formats for numbers

Oleo can display numbers in a variety of formats. In addition to sixteen user-defined formats, you can choose from a variety of simple formats. You can set the format for a cell, for a region, and change the default format.

`M-a f`
  Change the format of the cell under the cursor. The options include integer, float, hidden, graph, general.X, dollar.X, comma.X, comma.X, percent.X, fixed.X, exponent.X, where X is an integer from 0 to 14, or the word float. (`set-cell-format`).
`M-r f`
  Change the format of a region. The options are the same as above. (`set-region-format`).
`M-d f`
  Change the default format. The options are as above. (`set-default-format`).

There are some examples following a description of the simple and general formats.

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### 4.2.1 Simple Formats

`integer`
  The number is rounded to an integer before being displayed.

`float`
  The number is displayed in normal, everyday notation, using whatever precision is needed (or fits).

`hidden`
  The number is not displayed. It is recalculated, etc as normal, but the cell is displayed as if it were empty.

`graph`
  The number is displayed as a small graph. If the number is close to zero, it will be displayed as '0', If it is positive, a row of '+'-es is displayed. If it is negative, a row of '-'-es is displayed. For instance, the number 4.234 is displayed as ++++, and the number -5.2 is displayed as -----. If the number has absolute value greater than 70 (13), then a string of 35 #'s is displayed.

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### 4.2.2 General Formats

The following formats require a precision. The precision may be a number from zero to 14, in which case that number of digits will always be displayed after the decimal point (zero-padding or rounding the number as needed), or the precision may be 'float', in which case Oleo will use as many digits as necessary.

`general`
  This uses either normal or scientific notation, depending on the magnitude of the number and the width of the column.

`dollar`
  Positive values are preceeded by '$', (so 3 is displayed as '$3'). Negative values are parenthesized (so -3 is displayed as '($3)'), and all large values have a ',' every three digits (so 1000 is displayed as '$1,000').

`comma`
  This is like the dollar option, but without the '$'. Positive numbers are presented normally, and negative ones are in parenthesis.

`percent`
  The value is multiplied by 100, and is displayed with a trailing '%'. Thus .01 displays as '1%', while 1 displays as '100%'.

`fixed`
  The number is displayed in normal, everyday notation, using the precision specified. 'fixed.float' is the same as 'float'. 'fixed.0' is the same as 'integer'.

`exponent`
  The number is displayed in scientific notation.

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### 4.2.3 StyleExamples

Suppose that a cell contains ``1234.567'`. If we set the format of the cell to the left hand column, the cell is displayed as in the right hand column:

               integer          1234
               hidden
               general.float    1234.567
               general.1        1234.6
               dollar.0       $1,234
               dollar.2       $1,234.57
               comma.1         1,234.6
               percent.0      123457%
               fixed.1          1234.6
               exponent.2        123e+03

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### 4.2.4 User Defined Formats

You can define up to sixteen user-defined numeric formats. The current parts of a format are in the table below. We use the definition of the 'dollar' format for an example. (14)

`Example:`
  What it is:
`$`
  What to print before positive numbers.
`(`
  What to print before negative numbers.
``
  What to print after positive numbers.
`)`
  What to print after negative numbers.
`$0`
  What to print if the number is zero.
`,`
  What to print between the thousands and the hundreds, etc.
`.`
  What to print for a decimal point.

`0-14`
`float`
  The number of digits to print after the decimal point. 'float' means use however many digits are needed, or however many will fit, whichever is less. . .

`number`
  What to multiply the value by before printing. Most often this will be one, but it might be 100 if you're printing percentages, or .000001 if you're printing in megabucks. (Beware of overflow!)

Some advice: do not use digits for the headers, trailers, the comma, or the decimal point symbol. Using digits will confuse the internal routines and produce incomprehensible results. . . (15)

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## 4.3 Changing the height of cells

The height of all the cells in a row is the same. The default height of a row is 1. A row of height 0 is not displayed, but is still updated just as if it were visible. (16)

`M-a h`
  Change the height of the row containing the cell cursor. The options are a non-negative integer, or `def`. (`set-cell-height`).
`M-r h`
  Change the height of all cells in a region. The options are the same as above. (`set-region-height`).
`M-d h`
  Change the default height to a positive integer. (`set-default-height`).

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## 4.4 Changing the width of cells

The width of all the cells in a column is the same. The default width of a column is 11. (17) A column of width 0 is not displayed.

`M-a w`
  Change the width of the column containing the cell cursor. The options are a non-negative integer, or `def`. (`set-cell-width`).
`M-r w`
  Change the width of all cells in a region. The options are the same as above. (`set-region-width`).
`M-d w`
  Change the default width to a positive integer. (`set-default-width`).

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## 4.5 Creating Hidden Rows and Columns

Rows and columns of the spreadsheet can be hidden, so that they do not appear on the screen. They continue to exist, and are updated when necessary. The following hides the third column in `a0` mode

               M-x set-region-width RET C1 RET 0 RET

or more simply,

               M-r w C1 RET 0 RET

This hides the third row in `noa0` mode

               M-r h RET R3C1 RET 0 RET

If the cell cursor is located at any cell in the third column, then we can hide the third column column:

               M-a w  0 RET

Similarly, if the cell cursor is in the fourth row, we can hide the fourth row:

               M-a h  0 RET

To make a row visible again, just set its height to some positive value.

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## 4.6 Protection

A cell can be protected. For example, if cell `E5` is protected, and you attempt to enter data into it, you are not allowed to. Instead, you get the message

            Cell C5 is locked.

Moreover, all the cells in a region can be protected. It is also possible to make the default protection "locked", so that all cells are automatically locked.

The default is that all cells are unlocked.

`M-a p`
  Change the protection of a cell. The options are `def` (the default), `p` (protect, or lock), and `u` (unprotect, or unlock). (`set-cell-protection`).
`M-r p`
  Change the protection of a region. The options are the same as above. (`set-region-protection`).
`M-d p`
  Change the default protection. The options are `p` (protect, or lock), and `u` (unprotect, or unlock). (`set-default-protection`).

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## 4.7 Fonts (in X11)

The default cell font is 12 point times-roman. The easiest way to specify a font is to use one of the built-in short-hand names. These names are `fixed', `times', and `courier'. Optionally, these names can be followed by a scale. The scale is the ratio of the default point size to the desired point size. For example, if the default font is a 10 point font, then `times 1.2' refers to a 12 point Times-Roman type font.

`M-a o`
  Use this command to set the font in a cell. For instance, to set the current cell to ``times-roman'` at 24pt, type

              M-a o times RET 2.0  RET

  Since the default size is 12pt, the 2.0 magnification factor makes the size 24 points. (`set-cell-font`)

`M-r o`
  Use this command to set the font in a region. For instance, to set the range ``A1.E3'` to ``courier'` at 12pt, type

              M-r o courier RET 1.0   RET

  (`set-region-font`)

`M-d o`
  Use this command to set the default font. For instance, to set the range ``A1.E3'` to ``fixed'` at 12pt, type

              M-r o fixed RET 1.0  RET

  All cells whose font has not been specified have the default font, so changing this will change the font in the entire spreadsheet. (`set-default-font`)

`M-x set-default-point-size`
  Set the default point size. To set the default point size to 10, type

              M-x set-default-point-size RET 10  RET

  (`set-default-point-size`)

`M-x define-font-name`

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# 5. Multiple Windows

Oleo can split a spreadsheet into two or more windows. The windows showing the spreadsheet can show different parts of it. Only one spreadsheet can be displayed at a time.

> Windows | Introduction to Oleo windows.
> Split Window | New windows are made by splitting existing windows.
> Other Window | Moving to another window or doing something to it.
> Change Window | Deleting windows and changing their sizes.

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## 5.1 Concepts of Oleo Windows

At any time, one of the windows is the selected window. The cell cursor is located in this window. Each other window has a location of point as well, but since the terminal has only one cell cursor there is no way to show where those locations are.

Commands to move the cell cursor affect the cell cursor for the selected Oleo window only. They do not change the value of the cell cursor in any other Oleo window.

When there are multiple windows, they can have different regions, because they can have different values of the cell cursor.

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## 5.2 Splitting Windows

`C-x 2`
  Split the selected window into two windows, one above the other (`split-window-vertically`).
`C-x 5`
  Split the selected window into two windows positioned side by side (`split-window-horizontally`).

The command `C-x 2` (`split-window-vertically`) breaks the selected window into two windows, one above the other. Both windows start out displaying the cell cursor in the same position. By default the two windows each get half the height of the window that was split.

`C-x 5` (`split-window-horizontally`) breaks the selected window into two side-by-side windows.

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## 5.3 Using Other Windows

`C-x o`
  Select another window (`other-window`). That is `o`, not zero.
`M-C-v`
  Scroll the next window (`scroll-other-window`).

To select a different window, use `C-x o` (`other-window`). That is an `o`, for `other', not a zero. When there are more than two windows, this command moves through all the windows in a cyclic order, generally top to bottom and left to right. After the rightmost and bottommost window, it goes back to the one at the upper left corner. When the minibuffer is active, the minibuffer is the last window in the cycle; you can switch from the minibuffer window to one of the other windows, and later switch back and finish supplying the minibuffer argument that is requested.

The usual scrolling commands apply to the selected window only, but there is one command to scroll the next window. `C-M-v` (`scroll-other-window`) scrolls the window that `C-x o` would select.

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## 5.4 Deleting and Rearranging Windows

`C-x 0`
  Get rid of the selected window (`delete-window`). That is a zero.
`C-x 1`
  Get rid of all windows except the selected one (`delete-other-windows`).

To delete a window, type `C-x 0` (`delete-window`). (That is a zero.) The space occupied by the deleted window is given to an adjacent window. Once a window is deleted, its attributes are forgotten.

`C-x 1` (`delete-other-windows`) is more powerful than `C-x 0`; it deletes all the windows except the selected one (and the minibuffer); the selected window expands to use the whole frame.

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# 6. Options

Oleo has various options. They can be set as a default in the ``.oleorc'` file, or using the command `M-x set-option`. To see all the current options, type `C-h o`.

> Appearance | Changing Oleo's appearance
> Window Options | Options for the active window
> Other Options | Other Options

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## 6.1 Changing Oleo's appearance

`a0`
  In a0 mode, Oleo uses {letters}{digits} style cell-references, like some popular spreadsheets.

`noa0`
  In noa0 mode, Oleo uses R{digits}C{digits} style references, like some other popular spreadsheets. (`Default`)

`status`
  This option controls which line on the screen is used for displaying the status of the current cell. The number may be positive, (counting down from the top), negative (counting up from the bottom, or zero (disabling the status line). (`Default=2`)

`input`
  This option controls which line on the screen is used for reading lines of text. The number may be positive (counting down from the top), or negative (counting up from the bottom), but not zero. (`Default=1`)

`edges`
  In edges mode Oleo displays row and column numbers at the top and left edges of the window. (`Default`)

`noedges`
  Row and column numbers are not displayed.

`standout`
  In standout mode, the edges are drawn in standout mode (reverse video, usually). (`Default`)

`nostandout`
  Edges are not drawn in standout mode.

`list (ch)`
  Use the character CH to separate the cell values. (18)

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## 6.2 Options for the active window

The following options affect the currently active window:

`page`
  In page mode, whenever a particular cell is displayed in the window, it will always be in the same location on the screen. In page mode, the recenter command acts just like the redraw-screen command.
`nopage`
  Turns off page mode.

`pageh`
  Turns on page mode only in the horizontal direction.

`nopageh`
  Turns off page mode only in the horizontal direction.

`pagev`
  Turns on page mode only in the vertical direction.

`nopageh`
  Turns off page mode only in the vertical direction.

`link`
  This option 'links' the current window with the one specified. A window may only be linked to one other window at a time. When a window is linked to another one, whenever the cell cursor in the first window is moved, the cursor in the other window moves as well. (unless the cursor in other window is locked from moving in that direction.)

`nolink`
`unlink`
  This removes the link (if any) on the current window.

`lockh`
  Prevent the cell cursor in the current window from moving in the horizontal direction, but only when the cell cursor is moved in a window that this one is linked.

`nolockh`
  Disable horizontal locking

`lockv`
  Prevent the cell cursor in the current window from moving in the vertical direction, but only when the cell cursor is moved in a window that this one is linked.

`nolockv`
  Disable vertical locking

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## 6.3 Other Options

`auto`
  In auto mode, cells whose values may have changed are automatically recalculated. (`Default`)

`noauto`
  In noauto mode, cells are only recalculated when the recalculate command is used.

`bkgrnd`
`background`
  In background mode, automatic recalculation is done while the spreadsheet waits for you to type a key (and stops while the key is being handled). (`Default`)

`nobkgrnd`
`nobackground`
  In nobackground mode, Oleo performs all its recalculation before listening for keystrokes.

`backup`
  In backup mode, whenever the spreadsheet writes out a file, if the file already exists, a backup copy is made (like emacs). (`Default`)

`nobackup`
  A backup copy is not made.

`bkup_copy`
  In bkup_copy mode, backup files are made by copying the original file, instead of renaming it.

`nobkup_copy`
  In nobackup mode bkup_copy is ignored. (`Default`)

`ticks`
  This value controls how often should rnd(), cell(), my(), curcell(), etc cells get updated. This value is in seconds. (19) The initial value is 10, meaning once every 10 seconds.

`print`
  This is the width of the page for the print command. The initial value is the width of the screen.

`file`
  (20) If -DUSE_DLD was defined, format-name may be any .o file that contains definitions for the appropriate functions, or 'panic', which is the only file format that Oleo will have compiled into it. If -DUSE_DLD was not defined, format-name must be one of sylk, sc, panic, or list, and Oleo will have to be re-compiled before any other formats may be used.

`load (file-name)`
  (21)This option is only avaliable if Oleo was compiled with -DUSE_DLD. This option loads in a .o file of spreadsheet functions, keyboard commands, and/or keymaps. Spreadsheet functions and keyboard commands must be loaded in before they can be used in expressions or bound to keys.

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# 7. Printing and Plotting

> Writing Files | Writing ASCII and Postscript Files
> Graphing | Graphing Using GNU Plotutils

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## 7.1 Writing ASCII and Postscript Files

Spreadsheets, and regions of spreadsheets, can be printed in ASCII, LaTeX, or postscript format. For postscript files, the font and page size can be specified.

`M-C-p a`
  Write a region to a file in ASCII format. If the mark is set, you are prompted for a file name. The region between mark and cell cursor will be printed in a tabular ASCII format. If the mark is not set, then you are first prompted for the region, and then for the file name. (`print-region`) For example, if the mark is not set, and you want to print the region A1.C20 to the file ``/tmp/myfile'`, then you type

                   M-C-p a A1.C20 RET /tmp/myfile RET

  If the mark had been set so that the region between mark and the current cell is A1.C20, then you only need type

                   M-C-p a  /tmp/myfile RET

`M-C-p l`
  Write a region to a file in LaTeX format. By default the LaTeX code prints the entries in ruled boxes in portrait mode. There are directions in the output file for the simple changes to print in landscape mode, or to have all the entries unboxed. If your region contains a percent sign, then you must escape it by hand in the LaTeX file to make LaTeX run correctly.

  If the mark is set, you are prompted for a file name. The region between mark and cell cursor will be printed in LaTeX format. If the mark is not set, then you are first prompted for the region, and then for the file name. (`latex-region`) For example, if the mark is not set, and you want to print the region A1.C20 to the file ``/tmp/myfile.tex'`, then you type

                   M-C-p l A1.C20 RET /tmp/myfile.tex RET

  If the mark had been set so that the region between mark and the current cell is A1.C20, then you only need type

                   M-C-p l  /tmp/myfile.tex RET

`M-C-p p p`
  Write a region to a file in PostScript format. If the mark is set, you are prompted for a file name. If the mark is not set, then you are first prompted for the region, and then for the file name. (`psprint-region`) For example, if the mark is not set, and you want to write the region A1.C20 in PostScript to the file ``/tmp/myfile'`, then you type

                   M-C-p p p A1.C20 RET /tmp/myfile RET

  If the mark had been set so that the region between mark and the current cell is A1.C20, then you only need type

                   M-C-p p p  /tmp/myfile RET

`M-C-p p f`
  This command sets the default font used in printing a region in PostScript. (`set-default-ps-font`) see section 4.7 Fonts (in X11) for information about the possible fonts. To set the font to 24 point courier, type

                 M-C-p p f courier 2.0 RET(22)

`M-C-p p s`
  Set the page size for the PostScript output (`set-page-size`). You are prompted for a pagesize. There are several possible ways of describing a page size:

              8.5x11          -- a page size in inches.
              22x28c          -- a page size in centimeters.
              612x792p        -- a page size in points.
              letter          -- 8.5 x 11 in. (the default)

  To set the correct page size for A4 paper, type

               M-C-p p s A4 RET

  The following table gives the possible paper sizes. The widths and heights are given in "points", of which there are 72 in an inch.

         Name            Width   Height    Comments
         ------------------------------------------------
         letter          612     792       8.5 x 11   in.
         landscape       792     612       11  x 8.5  in.
         tabloid         792     1224      11  x 17   in.
         ledger          1224    792       17  x 11   in.
         legal           612     1008      8.5 x 14   in.
         statement       396     612       5.5 x 8.5  in.
         executive       540     720       7.5 x 10   in.
         a3              842     1190
         a4              595     842
         latex-a4        523     770       A4 with 1in. margins
         a5              420     595
         b4              729     1032
         b5              516     729
         folio           612     936       8.5 x 13  in.
         quarto          610     780

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## 7.2 Graphing Using GNU Plotutils

Note: this chapter is only partially updated, however functionality has changed drastically !!

Plotting in Oleo is done using GNU Plotutils. (Versions prior to Oleo 1.99.12 used gnuplot.) Currently these types of graphs are supported :

- XY
- bar
- pie

There are two modes in which Oleo can produce plots on the fly :

- in a Motif window
- in Xterm using its Tektronix emulation

The former is the default behaviour of you use the Motif interface of Oleo, the latter can be initialised by this sequence :

            M-g  o  t  f - RET

This sequence sets output device to Tektronix, and output file to - which means to standard output. Sending Tektronix formatted output to an xterm will pop up xterm's Tektronix emulation window which shows the plot.

The file examples/xy.oleo can be used to show a simple XY plot in this way.

Oleo can print up to 10 different data sets at once. The data sets are numbered 0,1,...,9.

When the plot command (`p`) is chosen, all the currently defined data sets will be plotted.

> Clearing Plots | Clearing the plots
> Data sets | Choosing a data set
> The axes | Changing the axes style
> Viewing Choices | Viewing your choices
> Output Type | Choosing the output type
> Style Options | Picking a plot style
> Name Options | Naming a data set

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### 7.2.1 Clearing the Plots

The plot ranges and styles are remembered; if you decide to plot using `M-g`, you probably want to clear the ranges and styles using the `C` and `R` keys in the main graph menu:

`C`
  Clear all the datasets (0-9) of their ranges.
`R`
  Remove all the style information from all datasets

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### 7.2.2 Choosing a data set

The key `d` is used to choose a range for a data set. If the mark is active, then the region between the mark and the current cell is chosen as the data set. Otherwise, you are prompted for the range.

When you define a data set (using the `d` key in the graph menu), you select a number to refer to the data set. If we are already in the graph menu (having typed `M-g`), then the following assigns the region G5.L6 to data set 4:

                          d  4  RET G5.L6  RET

If the mark is set, then it is not necessary (nor possible) to enter the range. Thus, if the mark is set to G5 and the cursor is in L6, then these commands set the fourth data set to G5.L6:

                          d  4  RET

                      | Col B | Col C | Col D | Col E | Col F |
                ------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|
                Row 2 |   11  |   33  |  55   |   77  |   99  |
                ------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|
                Row 3 |   22  |   44  |  66   |   88  |    0  |
                ------|-------|-------| ------|-------|-------|

and that we are in the graph menu.

- If we type `d 4 RET B2.F3 RET`, then when we print there will be three line segments:

           (11,33) -- (22,44) -- (55,77) -- (66,88)

- If we type `d 4 RET B2.F3 RET`, then when we print there will be four line segments:

           (11,22) -- (33,44) -- (55,66) -- (77,88) -- (99,0)

- If we type `d 4 RET B2.F3 RET`, then when we print there will be nine line segments. Notice that all the items in the first row are plotted, then all the ones in the second row, and so on.

      (0,11)--(1,33)--(2,55)--(3,77)--(4,99)--(5,22)--(6,44)--(7,66)--(8,88)--(9,0)

Finally, you are asked about labels. (23)

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### 7.2.3 Changing the axes style

The commands `x` and `y` allow you to control the axes style.

`[`
  You are prompted for the lower limit of the range.
`]`
  You are prompted for the upper limit of the range. For instance, to set the range of the x-axis to [-3,5], type the following in the graph menu:

                    x [ -3 RET
                    x ]  5 RET

`s`
  Use a symbolic expression for the range (24)
`l`
  Use values in the spreadsheet for the ticks on the axis. (25)
`L`
  Restore the default tick marks for the axis. This undoes the effect of the `l` command.

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### 7.2.4 Viewing your choices

Typing `v` in the main graph menu gives a help screen with all of your choices. A typical help screen is

        Graph type is XY plot.

        Parameter               Value

        output type             Tektronix
        output file             -
        x-axis title            "Tijd"
        y-axis title            "Appelen"
        logarithmic axes        -neither-
        x-axis range            [def..def]
        y-axis range            [def..def]

        Data Set 0
          data for this set: A1:A6
          style for this set: lines

        Data Set 1
          data for this set: C4:C9
          style for this set: lines

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### 7.2.5 The Output Type

The `o` key in the main graph menu selects the type of output. A graph can be drawn in several ways - see the table below.

Note however that, depending on compilation parameters, not all of the options documented below may be available (e.g. no X or x commands).

`p`
  Write a file of PostScript commands that draw that graph.
`X`
  Draw the graph in an X window, in color.
`t`
  Write Tektronix graphics terminal commands.
`r`
  Write ReGIS commands (VT340 type terminals, most VT emulators don't support this)
`P`
  Write PCL printer commands.
`h`
  Write HP-GL plotter command language.
`i`
  Write Adobe Illustrator format.
`m`
  Write GNU Metaplot format.
`f`
  Write FIG output
`n`
  Write PNG (Portable Network Graphics, an unencumbered replacement for GIF)
`g`
  Write GIF format
`x`
  Draw the graph in an X window, in black and white.

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### 7.2.6 Picking a plot style

The `s` option on the main graph menu selects the graph style. There are 5 possibilities:(26)

`lines`
  The lines style connects adjacent points with lines. (Default)
`points`
  The points style displays a small symbol at each point.
`impulses`
  The impulses style displays a vertical line from the x axis to each point.
`dots`
  The dots style plots a tiny dot at each point; this is useful for scatter plots with many points.
`linespoints`
  The linespoints style does both lines and points.

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### 7.2.7 Naming a data set

The `d` option on the main graph menu allows a name to be attached to a data set. The default name of the i-th data set is "Data set i". When the graphs are plotted, each graph is printed with a different line type, and the names of the data set and their line type are printed in the upper right corner. The name must be in quotes. (27) To add the name "my Fermat plot" to data set 3, type

          n  3  RET   "my Fermat plot"  RET

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# 8. Macros

> 8.1 Keyboard Macros |
> 8.2 Basic Use |
> 8.3 Naming and Saving Keyboard Macros |

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## 8.1 Keyboard Macros

A keyboard macro is a command defined by the user to abbreviate a sequence of keys. For example, if you discover that you are about to type `C-b` forty times, you can speed your work by defining a keyboard macro to do `C-b` and calling it with a repeat count of forty. (28)

`C-x (`
  Start defining a keyboard macro (`start-kbd-macro`).
`C-x )`
  End the definition of a keyboard macro (`end-kbd-macro`).
`C-x e`
  Execute the most recent keyboard macro (`call-last-kbd-macro`).
`C-x =`
  Store the most recent keyboard macro (`store-last-kbd-macro`).

Keyboard macros differ from ordinary Oleo commands in that they are simply records of keystrokes. This makes it easier for the novice to write them, and makes them more convenient as temporary hacks. However, the Oleo command language is not powerful enough as a programming language to be useful for writing anything intelligent or general. For such things, functions and programs must be used.

You define a keyboard macro while executing the commands which are the definition. Put differently, as you define a keyboard macro, the definition is being executed for the first time. This way, you can see what the effects of your commands are, so that you don't have to figure them out in your head. When you are finished, the keyboard macro is defined and also has been, in effect, executed once. You can then do the whole thing over again by invoking the macro.

> Basic Kbd Macro | Defining and running keyboard macros.
> Save Kbd Macro | Saving keyboard macros

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## 8.2 Basic Use

To start defining a keyboard macro, type the `C-x (` command (`start-kbd-macro`). From then on, your keys continue to be executed, but also become part of the definition of the macro. ``Def'` appears in the status line to remind you of what is going on. (29) When you are finished, the `C-x )` command (`end-kbd-macro`) terminates the definition (without becoming part of it!). For example

    C-x ( M-f foo C-x )

defines a macro to move forward a word (while editing the input line) and then insert ``foo'`.

The macro thus defined can be invoked again with the `C-x e` command (`call-last-kbd-macro`), which may be given a repeat count as a numeric argument to execute the macro many times.

If you wish to repeat an operation at regularly spaced places in the spreadsheet, define a macro and include as part of the macro the commands to move to the next place you want to use it.

You can use function keys in a keyboard macro, just like keyboard keys. You can even use mouse events, but be careful about that: when the macro replays the mouse event, it uses the original mouse position of that event, the position that the mouse had while you were defining the macro. The effect of this may be hard to predict. (Using the current mouse position would be even less predictable.) (30)

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## 8.3 Naming and Saving Keyboard Macros

If you wish to save a keyboard macro for longer than until you define the next one, you must give it a cell to store it in name using `M-x save-last-kbd-macro`. This reads a cell as an argument using the minibuffer and stores the macro in the cell. (31)

    M-x store-last-kbd-macro RET cellname RET

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# 9. Programs

> One Line Programs | Writing One Line Programs
> Long One Liners | Multiple Commands in One Line
> Writing programs | Writing Programs
> Commands in Programs | Commands available in programs

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## 9.1 Writing One Line Programs

Any `M-x` command can be written into a cell. Typing `M-x cell-number` will execute the commands in the cell. For example, assume the cell cursor is located on cell `A1`. Enter the keystrokes (including the quotes and braces).

    "{right-cell 4}"

If you now type `M-x A1` the cell cursor will be positioned in `E1`. Typing `M-x A1` again, the cell cursor is positioned at `I1`. Some examples:

`"{set-option status -1}"`
  Set the status line to the bottom row of the screen

`"{print-region A1.F35 /tmp/out}"`
  Write the values of the cells in the region ``A1.F35'` to the file `/tmp/out`. The contents of the cells are truncated to fit in their column's width. The result is a rectangular array. Notice that there are no quotes around the file name.

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## 9.2 Multiple Commands in One Line

To execute several commands at once, concatenate them in a cell. If ``A1'` contains

    "{right-cell 1}{up-cell 1}"

then typing `M-x A1` moves the cell cursor one right and one up.

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## 9.3 Writing Programs

If commands are entered into a region named by a variable var, then we can use `M-x var` to execute the code.

Suppose that the contents of `A1.A3` are given below , and that region `A1.A3` is named `test1`. Typing `M-x test1` has the same effect as `{up-cell 1}`.

            "{right-cell 1}"
            "{up-cell    1}"
            "{left-cell  1}"

(32)

If ``filename'` contains a list of `Oleo` commands (like the ``.oleorc'` file), the commands in this file can be executed:

`M-x read-commands`
  This command opens the file you specify, reads in each line, and executes them as if you'd typed them in to execute-command. If any command needs more arguments than are included on the line, it will prompt you (interactively) for the missing information.

  The syntax for a command is a command name followed by a whitespace separated list arguments. For example:

      	bind-key main next-row ^n,

  Blank lines and lines that begin with `#' are ignored. Lines may be continued by preceeding the final newline with an odd number of `\\' characters. One backslash and the newline will, be discarded.

  The commands in the next file perform some arithmetic operations on an already loaded spreadsheet. Note that the division is protected against division by zero.

      goto-cell r3c84
      edit-cell  ((rc82-rc3)/if(rc4=0,0.5,rc4) )^2 + \
                 ((rc82-rc5)/if(rc6=0,0.5,rc6) )^2
      goto-cell r3c85
      edit-cell rc[-1]/36.0

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## 9.4 Commands available in programs

The commands available in programs are listed in the command index (see section 17. Command Index). For more information, look at the online help for the individual entries.

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# 10. Keymaps and defining keys

What a key does when it is pressed depends on the context. The listing of actions associated with a key in a given context is called a 'keymap'. Keymaps may have a 'default map'. If a key is pressed which does not have an assigned meaning in that map, the map's default map is checked, and that map's default map, until a command is found or there are no more default maps to scan.

The different keymaps, and their usage are as follows:

      universal         The root of all keymaps.
      main              The default keymap.
      meta              Default ESC commands.
      ansi              ANSI arrow keys.
      trolx             Default C-x commands.
      generic-*         More generic versions of the above, work everywhere.
      mouse             Bindings for mouse buttons.
      prefix            Number keys, and -, for argument prefix.
      help              Various levels of help commands.

The diagram below shows the relationship between the various keymaps. The keymap to the left of a given keymap is its default.

                      | generic-main ----| main
                      |                  | read-string ---| read-<item>*
    		  |
                      | generic-meta ----| meta
                      |                  | meta-read-string --- meta-read-formula
    		  |
                      | generic-ansi ----| ansi
                      |                  | edit-ansi
    		  |
                      | generic-trolx ---| trolx
                      |                  | trolx-read-string
      universal ------| mouse
                      | generic-menu
                      | prefix
                      | meta-edit-ansi
                      | read-keyseq
                      | set-auto-motion
                      | read-most-chars ---| read-char
                      |                    | read-menu
                      | press-any
                      | view-info
                      | set-*-attr  (cell, region, default)
                      | generic-help ---| unprompted-help
                                        | help
                                        | verbose-help

`M-x bind-key`
  This asks for the name of a keymap followed by a command name and a key to bind it to. If the 'command' you give is a cell or region in the spreadsheet, it is taken as a macro, and bound to the key you specify. For example, to make `C-1` move up one cell in the main keymap, type

              M-x bind-key RET main RET up-cell C-1 RET

`M-x unbind-key`
  This asks for the name of a keymap and the key in that map to unbind. For example, to remove the default mapping bound to `M-k`, type

      	M-k unbind-key RET meta RET k

`M-x describe-key`
  Have the user press a key, and then describe what function that key is bound to. (bound to `C-h c`)

`M-x write-keys`
  Write a list o`f commands` to a file that, when executed with read-commands, will return the keymaps to their current state. To write a list of commands to the file ``/tmp/name'`, type

              M-x write-keys RET /tmp/name RET

`M-x read-commands`
  This command opens the file you specify, reads in each line, and executes them as if you'd typed them in to execute-command. If any command needs more arguments than are included on the line, it will prompt you (interactively) for the missing information.

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# 11. Functions

Cell functions take a comma-separated list of arguments in parentheses, and return a value based on those values. In addition to the standard value types, some arguments may be cell ranges.

> Boolean functions | and, or, not, etc.
> Math functions | Elementary mathematical functions
> String functions | String manipulation functions.
> Structural functions | Info about the structure of the spreadsheet.
> Search functions | Search for cells by value, string, etc.
> Business functions | Business stuff.
> Date functions | Time and date manipulation.
> Gsl functions | GSL (GNU Scientific Library) functions.

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## 11.1 Boolean Functions

Boolean functions return either a `#TRUE` or `#FALSE` value. Most arguments (those labelled bool) are also boolean. If these arguments have any other value instead, the function returns `#NON_BOOL` as an error.

`if(bool, val1, val2)`
  If bool is `#TRUE`, then val1 is returned. If bool is `#FALSE`, val2 is returned.
`and(bool1, bool2)`
  Returns `#TRUE` if and only if both arguments are `#TRUE`, otherwise returns `#FALSE`.
`or(bool1, bool2)`
  Returns `#TRUE` if either or both arguments are `#TRUE`, otherwise returns `#FALSE`.
`not(bool)`
  Returns `#TRUE` if bool is `#FALSE`; `#FALSE` if `#TRUE`.

`iserr(val)`
  returns `#TRUE` if val is an error, `#FALSE` otherwise.
`isnum(val)`
  `#TRUE` if val is a number, or can be automatically converted to a number. Thus, `isnum("12")` is `#TRUE`, while `isnum("foobar")` is `#FALSE`.

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## 11.2 Elementary mathematical functions

> General math functions | log, sqrt, etc.
> Trigonometric functions | Trigonometric functions
> Statistical functions | Statistical functions

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### 11.2.1 General Math Functions

For these these functions, the argument x can be a number (integer or floating point), a reference to a cell containing an integer, or a reference to a cell containing a quoted integer. Thus, if cell (33) `A2` contains `"-12.34"`, then all of the following expressions compute the absolute value of -12.34:

                   @abs(-12.34)
                   @abs(A2)
                   @abs(@cell(2,1,"value"))

`abs(x)`
  Returns the absolute value of x.

`negate(x)`
  Returns -x.

`int(x)`
  `int()` converts x to an integer by truncating the fractional part. For instance,

                 int(2.3)     =>   2
                 int(-2.3)    =>  -2

`ceil(x)`
  `ceil()` replaces x by the least integer greater than or equal to x.

                 ceil(2.3)     =>   3
                 ceil(-2.3)    =>  -2

`floor(x)`
  `floor()` replaces x by the largest integer less than or equal to x.

                 floor(2.3)     =>   2
                 floor(-2.3)    =>  -3

`log(x)`
  The natural log of x. If x is negative, the result is ``#MINUS_INFINITY'`, and the cell displays is ``#OUT_OF_RANGE'`.

`exp(x)`
  The exponential of x

`log10(x)`
  The log base 10 of x. If x is negative, the result is ``#MINUS_INFINITY'`, and the cell displays is ``#OUT_OF_RANGE'`.

`sqrt(x)`
  The square root of x. If x is negative, the error message is ``#OUT_OF_RANGE'`.

`rnd(x)`
  Generates a random integer from 0 to x-1. This is updated regularly. This can get annoying. To change the time that it is updated from 1 second to 10 seconds, type

              M-x set-option  RET ticks 10  RET

`fixed(x, places)`
  Rounds x to places decimal places.

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### 11.2.2 Trigonometric Functions

`pi()`
  Constant; 15 decimals of pi, 3.141592653589793.
`sin(ang)`
  The sine of angle ang (in radians).

`cos(ang)`
  The cosine of angle ang (in radians).

`tan(ang)`
  The tangent of angle ang (in radians).

`asin(val)`
  The arc sine (in radians) of val.

`acos(val)`
  The arc cosine (in radians) of val.

`atan(val)`
  The arc tangent (in radians) of val.

`dtr(deg)`
  `dtr` converts degrees to radians.

`rtd(rad)`
  `rtd` converts radians to degrees.

`atan2(y, x)`
  Expanded arc tangent; returns the arc tangent (in radians) of y / x. The range of `atan2` is (-pi..pi). The quadrant of the angle returned is determined by the quadrant of the point (x, y).
`hypot(x, y)`
  Returns the length of the hypotenuse of a triangle with sides x and y; i.e., `sqrt(x*x + y*y)`. (see section 11.2.1 General Math Functions)

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### 11.2.3 Statistical Functions

These functions take a variable number of arguments, labeled vr1, vr2, etc. Each of these values can be a numeric type or a range. If the value is a range, the values of all numeric cells in that range are used (strings, empty cells, etc. are ignored). Values can also be strings that are easily convertible to numbers; i.e., `"123"`.

If none of the arguments include valid numbers, then the value of the function is `#NO_VALUES`. To ensure that the expression doesn't return an error in such cases, you can provide a default value as an extra argument (e.g., `@sum(0,r1:10c1:10)`).

The spreadsheet below is used for examples of the statistical functions.

                 | Col B | Col C | Col D |
           ------|-------|-------|-------|
           Row 2 |   2   |   3   |   5   |
           ------|-------|-------|-------|
           Row 3 |   8   |   4   |   6   |
           ------|-------|-------|-------|
           Row 4 |   9   |   1   |   3   |
           ------|-------|-------|-------|
           Row 5 |   4   |   7   |   0   |
           ------|-------|-------|-------|

`sum(vr1, ...)`
  The sum of the given values. Each value can be a numeric value or a range.
  `18`
    @sum(B2.B5)
  `20`
    @sum(B2.B5,2)
  `25`
    @sum(B2.B5,C4.C5)

`prod(vr1, ...)`
  The product of the given values. Each value can be a numeric value or a range.
  `512`
    @prod(B2.B5)
  `1024`
    @prod(B2.B5,2)
  `0`
    @prod(B2.B5,C4.C5)

`count(vr1, ...)`
  The number of numeric values found among the arguments. In the example, assume that the first row and column are not numbers.
  `4`
    @count(B2.B5)
  `4`
    @count(B2.B5,A1.D1)
  `6`
    @count(B2.B5,C4.C5)

`max(vr1, ...)`
  The maximum value of all the arguments. Non-numeric values are ignored.
  `8`
    @max(B2.B5)
  `8`
    @max(B2.B5,A1.D1)
  `8`
    @max(B2.B5,C4.C5)

`min(vr1, ...)`
  The minimum value of all the arguments.
  `2`
    @min(B2.B5)
  `2`
    @min(B2.B5,A1.D1)
  `1`
    @min(B2.B5,C4.C5)

`avg(vr1, ...)`
  The average of the given values. The sum of the numerical values in the arguments is divided by the number of numeric values, not by the number of cells.
  `4.5`
    @avg(B2.B5)
  `4.5`
    @avg(B2.B5,A1.D1)
  `4.333`
    @avg(B2.B5,C4.C5)

`std(vr1, ...)`
  The sample standard deviation. To get the population standard deviation, use `@sqrt(@var(...))`.
  `2.51`
    @std(B2.B5)
  `2.51`
    @std(B2.B5,A1.D1)
  `2.73`
    @std(B2.B5,C4.C5)

`var(vr1, ...)`
  The population variance of the arguments. To get the sample variance, use `@std(...)^2`.
  `4.75`
    @var(B2.B5)
  `4.75`
    @var(B2.B5,A1.D1)
  `6.22`
    @var(B2.B5,C4.C5)

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## 11.3 String Functions

Strings indexes start with 1 for the first character. Indices less than 1 or greater than the length of the corresponding string will generate an `#OUT_OF_RANGE` error return, unless otherwise noted.

These functions are in the `string' package. If Oleo is compiled with ``-DUSE_DLD'`, the string package must be loaded before these functions can be used. If a spreadsheet that uses these functions is loaded before the string package is loaded, things will fail (silently!). This is a bug.

`len(str)`
  Returns the number of characters in str.
`strupr(str)`
  Converts str to all upper case.
`strlwr(str)`
  Converts str to all lower case.
`strcap(str)`
  Capitalizes each word in str.
`trim(trim)`
  String beautifier. Trims extra spaces and non-ASCII characters from str.
`find(str1, str2, pos)`
  Returns the index at or beyond pos where str2 appears in str1 (34). If str2 does not appear at or beyond pos, 0 is returned.
`substr(pos1, pos2, str)`
  Extracts the substring from index pos1 through pos2 of str. Positive indices, starting with 1, count from the start of the string, and negative indices (from -1) count from the end of the string. pos1 must occur at or before pos2.
`mid(str, pos, len)`
  Extracts the substring of len characters starting at pos in str. The substring is truncated if it begins or extends beyond the end of str(35).
`edit(str, pos1, pos2)`
  Deletes the substring from pos1 through pos2 of str. Negative indices can be used as with `substr`.
`repeat(str, num)`
  Returns a string of num concatenations of str with itself; e.g., `repeat("foo", 2)` returns `"foofoo"`.
`concat(vr1, ...)`
  Returns the concatenation of all its arguments. An argument may be a range, in which case the cell values in the range are concatenated.

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## 11.4 Structural Functions

These functions return information about a cell or range of cells. Some of them are in the `cells' package; if Oleo is compiled with ``-DUSE_DLD'`, the cells package must be loaded first.

`row()`
`col()`
  The row or column of the cell the expression is in.
`rows(rng)`
`cols(rng)`
  The number of rows or columns in rng.
`my(key)`
  Returns information about the cell containing the expression according to the key string key. Valid values for key are:

  `"row"`
    The cell's row address (an integer).
  `"column"`
    The cell's column address.
  `"width"`
    Width of the cell.
  `"lock"`
  `"protection"`
    `"locked"` or `"unlocked"`.
  `"justify"`
  `"alignment"`
    `"left"`, `"right"`, `"center"` or `"default"`.
  `"format"`
  `"fmt"`
    `"default"`, `"user-1"`, etc.
  `"type"`
    The type of the value of the cell: `"error"`, `"boolean"`, `"float"`, `"integer"`, `"null"`, `"unknown"`, etc.
  `"formula"`
    A string of the cell's current formula.
  `"value"`
    The cell's current value.

  Any other value generates `#BAD_INPUT`.

`curcell(key)`
  Same as `my()`, but returns information about the cell where the cell-cursor is.
`cell(row, col, key)`
  Same as `my()`, but for the cell at (row, col). Be careful about the indices in `a0` mode. The cell in row 2, column 1 is `A2`, not `B1`.

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## 11.5 Search Functions

These functions search for a value or string in a range of cells, and return the index of the first cell that matches. Cells are numbered from 1 in column-major order; e.g., in the range `r1:2c1:3` cell `r1c1` is index 1, cell `r2c1` is 2, cell `r1c2` is 3, etc.

`member(rng, val)`
  Returns the index of the first cell in rng that contains value val, or 0 if no cells contain it. val may be an error value.
`smember(rng, str)`
  Search for a substring. Returns the index of the first cell in rng that is a substring of str, or 0 if no cells are contained in str. If str is empty, it matches empty cells as well (36).
`members(rng, str)`
  Like `members()`, but vice-versa: matches the first cell with a substring of str (i.e., str is contained in the cell). If str is empty, empty cells are still ignored (unlike `members()`).
`pmember(rng, str)`
`memberp(rng, str)`
  Same as `smember()` and `members()`, respectively, but these search for an initial string str of the cells in rng.
`index(rng, index)`
`index(rng, rowoffset, coloffset)`
  The first form returns the contents of the cell at index index in rng. The second form returns the cell in rng that is rowoffset rows and coloffset columns from the upper left.
`oneof(choice, val1, ...)`
  Case expression. Returns val1 if choice is 1, the next value if 2, etc. If choice is not a valid integer in the appropriate range, `#OUT_OF_RANGE` is returned. If no value arguments are supplied, `#NO_VALUES` is returned. Note that arguments must be values; ranges are not allowed.

These functions are used to index into a table of entries:

`hlookup(rng, num, rowoffset)`
  Scans the top row of rng looking for a number which is greater than num, then returns the value in the cell that is rowoffset rows down from the top of the range.
`vlookup(rng, num, coloffset)`
  Like `vlookup()`, but vertically: scans the first column of rng for a value greater than num, and returns the cell value coloffset columns to the right.
`vlookup_str(rng, str, coloffset)`
  Like `vlookup()`, but looks for string str.

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## 11.6 Business Functions

Functions for various business-related calculations. Rates are expressed as exactly, i.e. don't expect ``10'` to mean 10%, but rather use ``0.10'`. The units for term are payment periods. Thus, if you want to calculate any of the following using, for example, monthly componunding, you will want ``pmt(p, r/12, t*12)'`, where t is in years.

`pmt(p, r, term)`
  Payment per period for a loan of principal p at rate r for term payments, assuming a fully amortizing loan which compounds at the payment rate.
`pv(pmt, r, term)`
  Present value of an investment that pays pmt at the end of each of term periods with a discount (interest) rate of r.
`npv(rng, r)`
  Net present value of an investment which will pay uneven payments. The term is calculated from the number of cells in range rng, with the first cell corresponding to t=0 (i.e., assuming a beginning of year paymest stream). Entries in the range can be positive or negative, corresponding to receipts or payments, respectively.
`irr(rng, guess)`
  Internal rate of return. Given a range of cells corresponding to uneven periodic payments, calculate the rate r such that `npv(rng,r)==0`. This function can be multivalued when entries in the range change sign more than once, and hence returns `#BAD_INPUT` if it fails to converge. Argument guess helps the function return more quickly, but is not critical.
`fmrr(rng, safe, reinvest, reinvmin)`
  Financial management rate of return. This function attempts to be a more encompassing and consistent version of the internal rate of return, which ignores the disposition of intermediate cash in- and outflows. The `fmrr` function pulls back negative values to the nearest positive ones at the safe rate (e.g. certificate of deposit rate), and pushes forward all outflows to the end of the period as specified by rng. These outflows generate income at the reinvestment rate if they accumulate to be over reinvinmin, otherwise at the safe rate.
`fv(pmt, r, term)`
  Future value of an annuity that pays pmt at the end of each of term periods assuming a discount rate of r.
`rate(fut, pres, term)`
  Interest rate required to turn current principal pres into future principal fut in term periods.
`term(pmt, r, fut)`
  Number of periods required to collect fut in payments of pmt, with an interest rate of r.
`cterm(r, fut, pres)`
  Number of periods required to collect fut from a single deposit of pres, at an interest rate of r.
`sln(cost, scrap, life)`
  Straight line depreciation of an asset that cost cost when new, can be sold for scrap, and will last for life periods.
`syd(cost, scrap, life, per)`
  Sum-of-the-digits depreciation in period per of an asset that cost cost, can be sold for scrap, and lasts life periods.
`ddb(cost, scrap, life, per)`
  Double-declining-balance depreciation; similar to `syd()`.
`anrate(pmt, p, term)`
  Solve `pmt(pmt, r, term) == p` for r.
`anterm(pmt, prin, r)`
  Solve `pmt(pmt, r, term) == p` for term.
`balance(p, r, term, n)`
  After n payments (of `pmt(p, r, term)`) towards a debt of p at interest rate r over term periods, this function gives the amount left due.
`paidint(p, r, term, n)`
  After n payments (of `pmt(p, r, term)`) towards a debt of p at interest rate r over term periods, this function gives the sum of the amounts of the payments which have gone to service the interest on the debt.
`kint(p, r, term, n)`
  At period n, this amount goes towards paying the interest on the amortizing loan at rate r, term term, and principal p.
`kprin(p, r, term, n)`
  At period n, this amount goes towards reducing the principal on the amortizing loan at rate r, term term, and principal p. Note that `kint(p,r,term,n)+kprin(p,r,term,n)==pmt(p,r,term)`.
`compbal(p, r, term)`
  Compound balance. Returns the value of principal p after earning interest r over term terms.

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## 11.7 Date Functions

Functions for manipulating date and time. Arguments named time are times in seconds, either an arbitrary count or from a specific epoch (i.e., local time), unless otherwise noted. Here are some examples. Assume that the date is December 16, 1994, and the time is 7:56 am. The left hand column is the command, and the right hand column is the result.

              local_month(now())             11
              ctime(now())                   Fri Dec 16 7:58:34 1994
              strftime("%d-%b-%C",now())     11-12-94

`now()`
  Time of day. Returns the current time in seconds since Jan 1 1970.
`ctime(time)`
  Converts time into a date/time string. time is seconds since the the epoch, as returned by `now()`.
`hms_to_time(hours, minutes, seconds)`
`dhms_to_time(days, hours, minutes, seconds)`
  Converts days, hours, mins, seconds to a count of seconds.
`time_to_d(time)`
`time_to_h(time)`
`time_to_m(time)`
`time_to_s(time)`
  Returns the number of days, hours (0..23), minutes (0..59), or seconds (0..59) in time seconds.
`ymd(year, month, day)`
`ymd_dst(year, month, day, dst)`
  Convert year, month, and day to the number of seconds since January 1, 1970 (typically). The conversion assumes the local time zone. For `ymd_dst()`, if dst is positive, daylight savings time is assumed; if 0, standard time; and if negative, neither (i.e., the same as `ymd()`).
`local_year(time)`
`local_month(time)`
  For a time in seconds (e.g., as returned by `now()`) return its year or month in the local timezone.
`local_date(time)`
  Returns the date in the local timezone of time.
`local_hour(time)`
`local_min(time)`
`local_sec(time)`
  Returns the hour, minutes or seconds in the local timezone of time.
`local_isdst(time)`
  Returns dst in the local timezone for time. The return is positive if daylight savings time is in effect, 0 otherwise.
`local_yday(time)`
`local_wday(time)`
  Returns the give day-of-year (0..364 or 0..365 for leap years) or day-of-week (0..6) in the local timezone for time.
`gmt_year(time)`
`gmt_month(time)`
`gmt_date(time)`
  Returns the year, month, or day in Greenwich of time.
`gmt_hour(time)`
`gmt_min(time)`
`gmt_sec(time)`
  Returns the hour, minutes or seconds in Greenwich of time.
`gmt_isdst(time)`
  Returns a positive value if daylight savings time is in effect in Greenwich time, 0 otherwise.
`gmt_yday(time)`
`gmt_wday(time)`
  Returns the day-of-year (0..365) or day-of-week (0..6) in Greenwich.
`get_date(date)`
`posix_date(date)`
  Parse a string date and return its time (seconds since epoch). The syntax of date is the same as is understood by GNU tar or GNU date for `get_date()`, and as per the Posix standard for `posix_date()`.
`strftime(format, time)`
  Returns a string according to format describing time (as returned by `now()`). This function is implemented by the C library function `strftime()`. The following documentation describes the GNU implementation of `strftime()`. Your version of Oleo may have been built with a different version, in which case, you can find documentation in the `strftime()` man page. (In the future this anomaly will be removed).

  Performs ``%'` substitutions similar to those in `printf()`. Except where noted, substituted fields have a fixed size; numeric fields are padded if necessary. Padding is with zeros by default; for fields that display a single number, padding can be changed or inhibited by following the ``%'` with one of the modifiers described below. Unknown field specifiers are copied as normal characters. All other characters are copied to the output without change.

  Supports a superset of the ANSI C field specifiers.

  Literal character fields:

  ``%'`
    ``%'`
  ``n'`
    newline
  ``t'`
    tab

  Numeric modifiers (a nonstandard extension):

  ``-'`
    do not pad the field
  ``_'`
    pad the field with spaces

  Time fields:

  ``%H'`
    hour (``00'`..``23'`)
  ``%I'`
    hour (``01'`..``12'`)
  ``%k'`
    hour (`` 0'`..``23'`)
  ``%l'`
    hour (`` 1'`..``12'`)
  ``%M'`
    minute (``00'`..``59'`)
  ``%p'`
    locale's AM or PM
  ``%r'`
    time, 12-hour (``hh:mm:ss A/PM'`)
  ``%R'`
    time, 24-hour (``hh:mm'`)
  ``%S'`
    second (``00'`..``61'`)
  ``%T'`
    time, 24-hour (``hh:mm:ss'`)
  ``%X'`
    locale's time representation (``%H:%M:%S'`)
  ``%Z'`
    time zone (EDT), or nothing if no time zone is determinable

  Date fields:

  ``%a'`
    locale's abbreviated weekday name (``Sun'`..``Sat'`)
  ``%A'`
    locale's full weekday name, variable length (``Sunday'`..``Saturday'`)
  ``%b'`
    locale's abbreviated month name (``Jan'`..``Dec'`)
  ``%B'`
    locale's full month name, variable length (``January'`..``December'`)
  ``%c'`
    locale's date and time (``Sat Nov 04 12:02:33 EST 1989'`)
  ``%C'`
    century (``00'`..``99'`)
  ``%d'`
    day of month (``01'`..``31'`)
  ``%e'`
    day of month (`` 1'`..``31'`)
  ``%D'`
    date (``mm/dd/yy'`)
  ``%h'`
    same as ``%b'`
  ``%j'`
    day of year (``001'`..``366'`)
  ``%m'`
    month (``01'`..``12'`)
  ``%U'`
    week number of year with Sunday as first day of week (``00'`..``53'`)
  ``%w'`
    day of week (``0'`..``6'`)
  ``%W'`
    week number of year with Monday as first day of week (``00'`..``53'`)
  ``%x'`
    locale's date representation (``mm/dd/yy'`)
  ``%y'`
    last two digits of year (``00'`..``99'`)
  ``%Y'`
    year (``1970'`...)

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## 11.8 GSL Functions

The GNU Scientific Library (GSL) is a collection of routines for numerical computing. The routines are written from scratch by the GSL team in C, and are meant to present a modern Applications Programming Interface (API) for C programmers, while allowing wrappers to be written for very high level languages.

More information about GSL is available from http://sources.redhat.com/gsl/

Currently only a small subset of the GSL functions (as they are in GSL 0.6) are made available in Oleo. They're most of the statistical functions :

``gsl_stats_mean'`
``gsl_stats_variance'`
``gsl_stats_sd'`
``gsl_stats_absdev'`
``gsl_stats_skew'`
``gsl_stats_kurtosis'`
``gsl_stats_lag1_autocorrelation'`
``gsl_stats_median_from_sorted_data'`
``gsl_stats_quantile_from_sorted_data'`
``gsl_stats_variance_m'`
``gsl_stats_sd_m'`
``gsl_stats_variance_with_fixed_mean'`
``gsl_stats_sd_with_fixed_mean'`
``gsl_stats_absdev_m'`
``gsl_stats_skew_m_sd'`
``gsl_stats_kurtosis_m_sd'`

The API made available in Oleo for these functions differs slightly from the native C API of GSL. The C API provides for a `stride` and a `number` parameter when passing a data array. In Oleo, both of these are not explicitly passed.

For example, the `gsl_stats_mean` function has just one parameter in Oleo, which is a range of cells from which it calculates the mean. `oleo_gsl_stats_kurtosis_m_sd` has three parameters : a range of cells, and two numbers.

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# 12. Extending the Oleo system

> New at functions | Adding new at Functions

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## 12.1 Adding new at Functions

It is easy to add new @ functions. Suppose that I want to add a greatest common divisor function. Here is a definition:

    int gcd(i,k)
        int i,k;
    {
      int c;
      if ( i < 0 )  i = -i;
      if ( k < 0 )  k = -k;
      while ( k != 0 ) {
        c = k;
        k = i % k;
        i = c;
      }
      return  i;
    }

In Oleo, I would like to enter `@gcd(6,20)`, and have the result `2` displayed. The following files need to be changed or created:

``my-new-functions.c'`

  We will create a new class of functions called int_funs. For simplicity, there is only one function, `gcd`, in this class, but there could be many more. In addition to the code given above for gcd, we need an interface between Oleo and gcd.

      static void
      do_gcd (p)
           struct value *p;
      {
        int arg0 = p[0].Int;
        int arg1 = p[1].Int;

        p->Int = gcd (arg0,arg1);
        p->type = TYP_INT;
      }

  Next, we need to give information about the members of this new class of functions. The "II" refers to the two integer arguments. For more examples, see ``busi.c'`.

      struct function int_funs[] =
      {
        {C_FN2, X_A2, "II", do_gcd, "gcd"},
        {0, 0, "", 0, 0},
      };

  Oleo also (as of release 1.99.6) requires a function in each file to figure out how many new user accessible functions it contains. Look in busi.c for a simple example (init_busi_function_count) which will probably work for your new functions as well. As you can see the function simply takes information from the above array and offers it to another Oleo module.

  Finally, we need some standard headers and defines. These are probably not all necessary.

      #include "funcdef.h"
      #include "sysdef.h"
      #include "global.h"
      #include "cell.h"
      #include "eval.h"
      #include "errors.h"

      struct value
        {
          int type;
          union vals x;
        };

      #define Float	x.c_d
      #define String	x.c_s
      #define Int	x.c_l
      #define Value	x.c_i
      #define Rng	x.c_r

``forminfo.c'`

  It's polite to add information about new functions. This information can be added in an appropriate place in ``forminfo.c'`:

      "gcd",
      "find gcd                       gcd(a,b)",
      ""
      "The greatest common divisor of A and B.",
      0,

``byte-compile.c'`

  The byte compiler needs to be told about the new class of functions. We declare the new class of functions:

      extern struct function int_funs[];

  and instruct the compiler to read them by adding the class to the appropriate structure.

      static struct function *__usr_funs[] =
      {
        date_funs,
        busi_funs,
        string_funs,
        cells_funs,
        int_funs,
      };

      extern int init_int_function_count(void);

      static init_function_count init_function_counts[] = {
              &init_date_function_count,
              &init_busi_function_count,
              &init_string_function_count,
              &init_cells_function_count,
              &init_int_function_count
              /* Add something here */
      };

``Makefile.am'`

  The file ``my-new-functions.c'` needs to be added to the list of source files. Editing the file src/Makefile.am and adding to the list of files named oleo_SOURCES will do :

      oleo_SOURCES = parse.y byte-compile.c eval.c ref.c \
       decompile.c sort.c regions.c utils.c lists.c\
       io-term.c io-utils.c io-x11.c window.c io-edit.c\
       line.c key.c format.c funcs.c \
       hash.c ir.c io-curses.c font.c display.c init.c \
       sylk.c oleofile.c sc.c list.c busi.c string.c cells.c \
       cmd.c basic.c args.c \
       stub.c input.c info.c help.c \
       graph.c plot.c \
       forminfo.c posixtm.y date.c xrdb.c \
       $(GUI) $(XBSRC) $(MYSQL) \
       print.c postscript.c pcl.c epson.c prtext.c \
       my-new-functions.c

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# 13. Reporting Bugs

If you have problems with Oleo or think that you have found a bug, please report it; we cannot promise to do anything but we might well want to fix it.

Before reporting a bug, make sure you have actually found a real bug. Carefully reread the documentation and see if it really says you can do what you're trying to do. If it's not clear whether you should be able to do something or not, report that too; it's a bug in the documentation!

Before reporting a bug or trying to fix it yourself, try to isolate it to the smallest possible Oleo program and input data file that reproduces the problem. Then send us the program and data file, some idea of what kind of Unix system you're using, and the exact results Oleo gave you. Also say what you expected to occur; this will help us decide whether the problem was really in the documentation.

Once you have a precise problem, send e-mail to ``bug-oleo@prep.ai.mit.edu'`.

Non-bug suggestions are always welcome as well. If you have questions about things that are unclear in the documentation or are just obscure features, send a note to ``bug-oleo@prep.ai.mit.edu'`.

Also, if you wish to add to the documentation, please do so. Send your additions to the address above.

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# 14. A Motif Graphical User Interface for Oleo

> 14.1 Motif Introduction |
> 14.2 LessTif |
> 14.3 Advantages |
> 14.4 What you need |
> 14.5 Alternatives |
> 14.6 Using the mouse |
> 14.7 Using the keyboard shortcuts |
> 14.8 Using Help |
> 14.9 Fallback |
> 14.10 Motif Buttons in a Spreadsheet Cell |

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## 14.1 Motif Introduction

Motif is a toolkit for building graphical user interfaces (GUIs) with the X Window System.

Such a GUI has been built for oleo. The combination of oleo and its Motif interface comes close to professional quality spreadsheets that one can buy off the shelf.

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## 14.2 LessTif

When this manual talks about Motif, it refers to what is commonly referred to as OSF/Motif, a user interface toolkit for the X Window System which was originally developped by the Open Software Foundation (OSF). The OSF has merged with X/Open, the new name of the organisation is The Open Group.

A free implementation of Motif, called LessTif, which is available from the LessTif home page, can be used instead of Motif.

LessTif is covered by the LGPL (Library General Public License).

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## 14.3 Advantages

Advantages to using either the Motif or the GTK interface to Oleo are the same as for any GUI: users with little experience will find it easier to get started with the application. The GUI interfaces also happen to be more aesthetically pleasing.

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## 14.4 What you need

A user of Oleo typically only needs a recent Oleo distribution, which he installs through his operating system's standard mechanism.

Someone who's building Oleo from sources will need several packages that Oleo depends on :

- Xbae widgets http://www.lesstif.org ftp://ftp.lesstif.org/pub/hungry/lesstif/srcdist
- XmHTML http://www.xs4all.nl/~ripley/XmHTML
- GNU plotutils http://www.gnu.org/software/plotutils/plotutils.html
- Motif or LessTif http://www.opengroup.org http://www.lesstif.org
- GNU gettext http://www.gnu.org
- GNU texinfo (3.12 or later) http://www.gnu.org

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## 14.5 Alternatives

Another toolkit for building GUIs is GTK. It is also freely available, and another user interface for oleo may be built with it too.

GTK is the FSF's official GUI toolkit.

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## 14.6 Using the mouse

The mouse is used in the same manner as in any Motif application.

The top of the Oleo window is a horizontal bar which is called the menu bar. It consists of a small number of buttons (represented by words such as File, Edit, ...).

Using the mouse to point at such a word, you can click MB1 on such a button to make a pulldown menu appear. MB1 is usually the left mouse button.

The words in these pulldown menus are action buttons which should perform actions that the user can understand.

You can select a cell in the spreadsheet by clicking MB1 in it. Once a cell is selected, its position and current value are displayed in a status area in the upper left of the Oleo window (just below the menu bar). The area to the right of that is the formula editor: it displays the formula on this cell, if any.

Formulas should be edited in the formula editor.

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## 14.7 Using the keyboard shortcuts

Using the method described above you can pull down a menu which reveals a number of action buttons. These buttons typically contain a text such as `Open Ctrl-O`.

Additionally, the O is underlined.

The Ctrl-O means that you can press down the Control key on your keyboard, and while doing that, depress the O key. This should activate the button.

The underlining means that once you've pulled down this menu, you should be able to activate this button by just the O key.

The pulldown menu, which was indicated by the word File (with underlined F), can in itself be triggered by pressing the Alt key and depressing the F key.

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## 14.8 Using Help

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## 14.9 Fallback

If you have a version of oleo that has been built with Motif support, but you don't currently have an X Window System display (for instance you're using a dialup connection), then it is still possible to use the curses based character user interface.

The command `oleo -t` should start Oleo with a curses based user interface, even if you're running in an X environment.

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## 14.10 Motif Buttons in a Spreadsheet Cell

You can put a button in a cell in the Motif version. The formula of the cell that you want to have a button should be `button("text", "cell-specification")`

The first argument is the text that the button will show, the second argument is the cell whose content will be executed. That cell will typically contain a command like `psprint-region r3:45c8:13 invoice.ps`

Note that this is currently an experimental feature.

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# 15. Accessing Databases

> 15.1 Database Access Introduction |
> 15.2 MySQL |
> 15.3 Xbase |

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## 15.1 Database Access Introduction

Oleo can interface to database management systems (DBMSs) in more than one way.

This is work in progress though, we expect the implementation to evolve quite a bit from the current status.

Currently there are three ways of accessing databases from Oleo :

- reading a DBF (xbase) file
- reading rows of content from an MySQL database, prompted by the user
- reading the single result of an SQL query (to MySQL) into a cell

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## 15.2 MySQL

You can get a value from a database into a cell by putting a statement like

    @mysql_query("select max(salary) from salaries")

in the cell.

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## 15.3 Xbase

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# 16. Key Index

### Jump to:

= C M

| Index Entry | section

= |  |
| = | 2.2 Entering values in a cell

C |  |
| C-? | 2.3 Editing in the input line
| C-@ | 1.4 The cell cursor and the mark
| C-a | 1.6.3 Moving long distances
| C-a | 2.3 Editing in the input line
| C-b | 1.6.1 Moving to a neighboring cell
| C-b | 2.3 Editing in the input line
| C-d | 2.3 Editing in the input line
| C-e | 1.6.3 Moving long distances
| C-e | 2.3 Editing in the input line
| C-e | 2.3 Editing in the input line
| C-f | 1.6.1 Moving to a neighboring cell
| C-f | 2.3 Editing in the input line
| C-h | 1.9 Getting Help
| C-h C | 1.9 Getting Help
| C-h c | 1.9 Getting Help
| C-h c | 10. Keymaps and defining keys
| C-h C-v | 1.8 Regions and Variables
| C-h C-v | 1.9 Getting Help
| C-h C-w | 1.9 Getting Help
| C-h f | 1.9 Getting Help
| C-h F | 1.9 Getting Help
| C-h k | 1.9 Getting Help
| C-h o | 1.9 Getting Help
| C-h v | 1.8 Regions and Variables
| C-h v | 1.9 Getting Help
| C-h w | 1.9 Getting Help
| C-h W | 1.9 Getting Help
| C-k | 2.3 Editing in the input line
| C-k | 3.3 Deleting
| C-M-v | 5.3 Using Other Windows
| C-n | 1.6.1 Moving to a neighboring cell
| C-o | 2.3 Editing in the input line
| C-o | 3.4 Inserting Rows and Columns
| C-p | 1.6.1 Moving to a neighboring cell
| C-u C-@ | 1.4 The cell cursor and the mark
| C-u C-x C-x | 1.4 The cell cursor and the mark
| C-v | 1.6.5 Moving by screens
| C-x ! | 1.5 How updating works
| C-x ( | 8.2 Basic Use
| C-x ) | 8.2 Basic Use
| C-x 0 | 5.4 Deleting and Rearranging Windows
| C-x 1 | 5.4 Deleting and Rearranging Windows
| C-x 2 | 5.2 Splitting Windows
| C-x 5 | 5.2 Splitting Windows
| C-x : | 1.8 Regions and Variables
| C-x < | 1.6.5 Moving by screens
| C-x > | 1.6.5 Moving by screens
| C-x C-x | 1.4 The cell cursor and the mark
| C-x e | 8.2 Basic Use
| C-x j | 1.4 The cell cursor and the mark
| C-x o | 5.3 Using Other Windows

M |  |
| M-< | 1.6.3 Moving long distances
| M-= | 2.2 Entering values in a cell
| M-> | 1.6.3 Moving long distances
| M-a | 2.3 Editing in the input line
| M-a a | 4.1 Alignment
| M-a f | 4.2 Formats for numbers
| M-a h | 4.3 Changing the height of cells
| M-a o | 4.7 Fonts (in X11)
| M-a p | 4.6 Protection
| M-a w | 4.4 Changing the width of cells
| M-b | 1.6.2 Finding the next empty cell
| M-b | 2.3 Editing in the input line
| M-c | 3.1 Copying
| M-C-? | 2.3 Editing in the input line
| M-C-? | 3.3 Deleting
| M-C-a | 1.6.3 Moving long distances
| M-C-c | 3.1 Copying
| M-C-e | 1.6.3 Moving long distances
| M-d | 2.3 Editing in the input line
| M-d a | 4.1 Alignment
| M-d f | 4.2 Formats for numbers
| M-d h | 4.3 Changing the height of cells
| M-d o | 4.7 Fonts (in X11)
| M-d p | 4.6 Protection
| M-d w | 4.4 Changing the width of cells
| M-e | 2.3 Editing in the input line
| M-f | 1.6.2 Finding the next empty cell
| M-f | 2.3 Editing in the input line
| M-k | 3.3 Deleting
| M-m | 3.2 Moving Cells and Regions
| M-n | 1.6.2 Finding the next empty cell
| M-o | 3.4 Inserting Rows and Columns
| M-p | 1.6.2 Finding the next empty cell
| M-r | 2.3 Editing in the input line
| M-r a | 4.1 Alignment
| M-r f | 4.2 Formats for numbers
| M-r h | 4.3 Changing the height of cells
| M-r o | 4.7 Fonts (in X11)
| M-r p | 4.6 Protection
| M-r w | 4.4 Changing the width of cells
| M-v | 1.6.5 Moving by screens
| M-x j | 1.4 The cell cursor and the mark

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# 17. Command Index

### Jump to:

B C D E G I L M N O P R S T U V W

| Index Entry | section

B |  |
| beginning-of-column | 1.6.3 Moving long distances
| beginning-of-row | 1.6.3 Moving long distances
| bind-key | 10. Keymaps and defining keys
| break | 1. Basics

C |  |
| call-last-kbd-macro | 8.2 Basic Use
| clear-spreadsheet | 3.3 Deleting
| copy-region | 3.1 Copying
| copy-values-in-region | 3.1 Copying
| cursor-back-char | 2.3 Editing in the input line
| cursor-back-word | 2.3 Editing in the input line
| cursor-begin-line | 2.3 Editing in the input line
| cursor-end-line | 2.3 Editing in the input line
| cursor-fwd-char | 2.3 Editing in the input line
| cursor-fwd-word | 2.3 Editing in the input line

D |  |
| delete-col | 3.3 Deleting
| delete-next-char | 2.3 Editing in the input line
| delete-next-word | 2.3 Editing in the input line
| delete-other-windows | 5.4 Deleting and Rearranging Windows
| delete-other-windows | 5.4 Deleting and Rearranging Windows
| delete-prev-char | 2.3 Editing in the input line
| delete-prev-word | 2.3 Editing in the input line
| delete-region | 3.3 Deleting
| delete-row | 3.3 Deleting
| delete-to-end | 2.3 Editing in the input line
| delete-to-start | 2.3 Editing in the input line
| delete-window | 5.4 Deleting and Rearranging Windows
| delete-window | 5.4 Deleting and Rearranging Windows
| describe-formula-function | 1.9 Getting Help
| describe-function | 1.9 Getting Help
| describe-key | 1.9 Getting Help
| describe-key | 10. Keymaps and defining keys
| describe-key-briefly | 1.9 Getting Help
| down-cell | 1.6.1 Moving to a neighboring cell
| downleft-cell | 1.6.1 Moving to a neighboring cell
| downright-cell | 1.6.1 Moving to a neighboring cell

E |  |
| end-kbd-macro | 8.2 Basic Use
| end-of-column | 1.6.3 Moving long distances
| end-of-row | 1.6.3 Moving long distances
| exchange-point-and-mark | 1.4 The cell cursor and the mark

G |  |
| goto-cell | 1.4 The cell cursor and the mark
| goto-region | 1.4 The cell cursor and the mark

I |  |
| insert-abs-ref | 2.3 Editing in the input line
| insert-cell-expression | 2.3 Editing in the input line
| insert-cell-value | 2.3 Editing in the input line
| insert-col | 3.4 Inserting Rows and Columns
| insert-rel-ref | 2.3 Editing in the input line
| insert-row | 3.4 Inserting Rows and Columns

L |  |
| latex-region | 7.1 Writing ASCII and Postscript Files
| left-cell | 1.6.1 Moving to a neighboring cell
| lower right | 1.6.3 Moving long distances

M |  |
| mark-cell | 1.4 The cell cursor and the mark
| merge-spreadsheet | 1.10 Saving and Reading Spreadsheets
| mouse-goto | 1.7 Using the mouse
| mouse-mark | 1.7 Using the mouse
| mouse-mark-and-goto | 1.7 Using the mouse
| move-region | 3.2 Moving Cells and Regions

N |  |
| next-edit | 2.4 Moving to the next input cell while editing
| next-edit-set | 2.4 Moving to the next input cell while editing

O |  |
| other-window | 5.3 Using Other Windows
| other-window | 5.3 Using Other Windows
| other-window | 5.3 Using Other Windows

P |  |
| print-region | 7.1 Writing ASCII and Postscript Files
| psprint-region | 7.1 Writing ASCII and Postscript Files

R |  |
| recalculate | 1.5 How updating works
| right-cell | 1.6.1 Moving to a neighboring cell

S |  |
| save-last-kbd-macro | 8.3 Naming and Saving Keyboard Macros
| save-spreadsheet | 1.10 Saving and Reading Spreadsheets
| scan-down | 1.6.2 Finding the next empty cell
| scan-left | 1.6.2 Finding the next empty cell
| scan-right | 1.6.2 Finding the next empty cell
| scan-up | 1.6.2 Finding the next empty cell
| scroll-down | 1.6.5 Moving by screens
| scroll-downleft | 1.6.5 Moving by screens
| scroll-downright | 1.6.5 Moving by screens
| scroll-left | 1.6.5 Moving by screens
| scroll-other-window | 5.3 Using Other Windows
| scroll-other-window | 5.3 Using Other Windows
| scroll-other-window | 5.3 Using Other Windows
| scroll-right | 1.6.5 Moving by screens
| scroll-up | 1.6.5 Moving by screens
| scroll-up | 1.6.5 Moving by screens
| scroll-upleft | 1.6.5 Moving by screens
| scroll-upright | 1.6.5 Moving by screens
| set-cell | 2.2 Entering values in a cell
| set-cell-alignment | 4.1 Alignment
| set-cell-font | 4.7 Fonts (in X11)
| set-cell-format | 4.2 Formats for numbers
| set-cell-height | 4.3 Changing the height of cells
| set-cell-protection | 4.6 Protection
| set-cell-region | 2.2 Entering values in a cell
| set-cell-width | 4.4 Changing the width of cells
| set-default-alignment | 4.1 Alignment
| set-default-font | 4.7 Fonts (in X11)
| set-default-format | 4.2 Formats for numbers
| set-default-height | 4.3 Changing the height of cells
| set-default-point-size | 4.7 Fonts (in X11)
| set-default-protection | 4.6 Protection
| set-default-ps-font | 7.1 Writing ASCII and Postscript Files
| set-default-width | 4.4 Changing the width of cells
| set-option | 1.2 Cell Referencing
| set-page-size | 7.1 Writing ASCII and Postscript Files
| set-region-alignment | 4.1 Alignment
| set-region-font | 4.7 Fonts (in X11)
| set-region-format | 4.2 Formats for numbers
| set-region-height | 4.3 Changing the height of cells
| set-region-protection | 4.6 Protection
| set-region-width | 4.4 Changing the width of cells
| set-variable | 1.8 Regions and Variables
| show-all-variables | 1.9 Getting Help
| show-options | 1.9 Getting Help
| show-variable | 1.9 Getting Help
| split-window-horizontally | 5.2 Splitting Windows
| split-window-horizontally | 5.2 Splitting Windows
| split-window-horizontally | 5.2 Splitting Windows
| split-window-vertically | 5.2 Splitting Windows
| split-window-vertically | 5.2 Splitting Windows
| split-window-vertically | 5.2 Splitting Windows
| start-kbd-macro | 8.2 Basic Use
| suspend-oleo | 1. Basics

T |  |
| toggle-load-hooks | 1.10 Saving and Reading Spreadsheets
| toggle-overwrite | 2.3 Editing in the input line

U |  |
| unbind-key | 10. Keymaps and defining keys
| up-cell | 1.6.1 Moving to a neighboring cell
| upleft-cell | 1.6.1 Moving to a neighboring cell
| upper-left | 1.6.3 Moving long distances
| upright-cell | 1.6.1 Moving to a neighboring cell

V |  |
| view-wallchart | 1.9 Getting Help
| visit-spreadsheet | 1.10 Saving and Reading Spreadsheets

W |  |
| where-is | 1.9 Getting Help
| write-keys | 10. Keymaps and defining keys
| write-wallchart | 1.9 Getting Help

[ < ] | [ > ] |  | [ << ] | [ Up ] | [ >> ] |  |  |  |  | [Top] | [Contents] | [Index] | [ ? ]

# 18. Function Index

### Jump to:

A B C D E F G H I K L M N O P R S T V Y

| Index Entry | section

A |  |
| abs | 11.2.1 General Math Functions
| acos | 11.2.2 Trigonometric Functions
| and | 11.1 Boolean Functions
| anrate | 11.6 Business Functions
| anterm | 11.6 Business Functions
| asin | 11.2.2 Trigonometric Functions
| atan | 11.2.2 Trigonometric Functions
| avg | 11.2.3 Statistical Functions

B |  |
| balance | 11.6 Business Functions

C |  |
| ceil | 11.2.1 General Math Functions
| cell | 11.4 Structural Functions
| col | 11.4 Structural Functions
| cols | 11.4 Structural Functions
| compbal | 11.6 Business Functions
| concat | 11.3 String Functions
| cos | 11.2.2 Trigonometric Functions
| count | 11.2.3 Statistical Functions
| cterm | 11.6 Business Functions
| ctime | 11.7 Date Functions
| curcell | 11.4 Structural Functions

D |  |
| ddb | 11.6 Business Functions
| dhms_to_time | 11.7 Date Functions
| dtr | 11.2.2 Trigonometric Functions

E |  |
| edit | 11.3 String Functions
| exp | 11.2.1 General Math Functions

F |  |
| find | 11.3 String Functions
| fixed | 11.2.1 General Math Functions
| floor | 11.2.1 General Math Functions
| fmrr | 11.6 Business Functions
| fv | 11.6 Business Functions

G |  |
| get_date | 11.7 Date Functions
| gmt_date | 11.7 Date Functions
| gmt_hour | 11.7 Date Functions
| gmt_isdst | 11.7 Date Functions
| gmt_min | 11.7 Date Functions
| gmt_month | 11.7 Date Functions
| gmt_sec | 11.7 Date Functions
| gmt_wday | 11.7 Date Functions
| gmt_yday | 11.7 Date Functions
| gmt_year | 11.7 Date Functions

H |  |
| hlookup | 11.5 Search Functions
| hms_to_time | 11.7 Date Functions

I |  |
| if | 11.1 Boolean Functions
| index | 11.5 Search Functions
| int | 11.2.1 General Math Functions
| irr | 11.6 Business Functions
| iserr | 11.1 Boolean Functions
| isnum | 11.1 Boolean Functions

K |  |
| kint | 11.6 Business Functions
| kprin | 11.6 Business Functions

L |  |
| len | 11.3 String Functions
| local_date | 11.7 Date Functions
| local_hour | 11.7 Date Functions
| local_isdst | 11.7 Date Functions
| local_min | 11.7 Date Functions
| local_month | 11.7 Date Functions
| local_sec | 11.7 Date Functions
| local_wday | 11.7 Date Functions
| local_yday | 11.7 Date Functions
| local_year | 11.7 Date Functions
| log | 11.2.1 General Math Functions
| log10 | 11.2.1 General Math Functions

M |  |
| max | 11.2.3 Statistical Functions
| member | 11.5 Search Functions
| memberp | 11.5 Search Functions
| members | 11.5 Search Functions
| mid | 11.3 String Functions
| min | 11.2.3 Statistical Functions
| my | 11.4 Structural Functions

N |  |
| negate | 11.2.1 General Math Functions
| now | 11.7 Date Functions
| npv | 11.6 Business Functions

O |  |
| oneof | 11.5 Search Functions
| or | 11.1 Boolean Functions

P |  |
| paidint | 11.6 Business Functions
| pmember | 11.5 Search Functions
| pmt | 11.6 Business Functions
| posix_date | 11.7 Date Functions
| prod | 11.2.3 Statistical Functions
| pv | 11.6 Business Functions

R |  |
| rate | 11.6 Business Functions
| repeat | 11.3 String Functions
| rnd | 11.2.1 General Math Functions
| row | 11.4 Structural Functions
| rows | 11.4 Structural Functions
| rtd | 11.2.2 Trigonometric Functions

S |  |
| sin | 11.2.2 Trigonometric Functions
| sln | 11.6 Business Functions
| smember | 11.5 Search Functions
| sqrt | 11.2.1 General Math Functions
| std | 11.2.3 Statistical Functions
| strcap | 11.3 String Functions
| strftime | 11.7 Date Functions
| strlwr | 11.3 String Functions
| strupr | 11.3 String Functions
| substr | 11.3 String Functions
| sum | 11.2.3 Statistical Functions
| syd | 11.6 Business Functions

T |  |
| tan | 11.2.2 Trigonometric Functions
| term | 11.6 Business Functions
| time_to_d | 11.7 Date Functions
| time_to_h | 11.7 Date Functions
| time_to_m | 11.7 Date Functions
| time_to_s | 11.7 Date Functions
| trim | 11.3 String Functions

V |  |
| var | 11.2.3 Statistical Functions
| vlookup | 11.5 Search Functions
| vlookup_str | 11.5 Search Functions

Y |  |
| ymd | 11.7 Date Functions
| ymd_dst | 11.7 Date Functions

[ < ] | [ > ] |  | [ << ] | [ Up ] | [ >> ] |  |  |  |  | [Top] | [Contents] | [Index] | [ ? ]

# 19. Options Index

### Jump to:

A B E F I L N P S T U

| Index Entry | section

A |  |
| a0 | 1.2.2 a0 Mode
| a0 | 6.1 Changing Oleo's appearance
| auto | 1.5 How updating works
| auto | 6.3 Other Options

B |  |
| background | 1.5 How updating works
| background | 6.3 Other Options
| backup | 6.3 Other Options
| bkgrnd | 1.5 How updating works
| bkgrnd | 6.3 Other Options
| bkup_copy | 6.3 Other Options

E |  |
| edges | 6.1 Changing Oleo's appearance

F |  |
| file (format-name) | 6.3 Other Options

I |  |
| input (number) | 6.1 Changing Oleo's appearance

L |  |
| link (wnum) | 6.2 Options for the active window
| list | 6.1 Changing Oleo's appearance
| load (file-name) | 6.3 Other Options
| lockh | 6.2 Options for the active window
| lockv | 6.2 Options for the active window

N |  |
| noa0 | 1.2.1 noa0 Mode
| noa0 | 6.1 Changing Oleo's appearance
| noauto | 1.5 How updating works
| noauto | 6.3 Other Options
| nobackground | 1.5 How updating works
| nobackground | 6.3 Other Options
| nobackup | 6.3 Other Options
| nobkgrnd | 1.5 How updating works
| nobkgrnd | 6.3 Other Options
| nobkup_copy | 6.3 Other Options
| noedges | 6.1 Changing Oleo's appearance
| nolink | 6.2 Options for the active window
| nolockh | 6.2 Options for the active window
| nolockv | 6.2 Options for the active window
| nopage | 6.2 Options for the active window
| nopageh | 6.2 Options for the active window
| nopageh | 6.2 Options for the active window
| nostandout | 6.1 Changing Oleo's appearance

P |  |
| page | 6.2 Options for the active window
| pageh | 6.2 Options for the active window
| pagev | 6.2 Options for the active window
| print (number) | 6.3 Other Options

S |  |
| standout | 6.1 Changing Oleo's appearance
| status (number) | 6.1 Changing Oleo's appearance

T |  |
| ticks | 1.5 How updating works
| ticks (number) | 6.3 Other Options

U |  |
| unlink | 6.2 Options for the active window

[ < ] | [ > ] |  | [ << ] | [ Up ] | [ >> ] |  |  |  |  | [Top] | [Contents] | [Index] | [ ? ]

# 20. Concept Index

### Jump to:

.
A B C D E F G I K M N O R S T W

| Index Entry | section

. |  |
| .oleorc | 1.12 The ``~/.oleorc'` file

A |  |
| a0 mode | 1.2.2 a0 Mode
| Absolute references | 1.2 Cell Referencing
| Addressing cells | 1.2 Cell Referencing

B |  |
| Boolean functions | 11.1 Boolean Functions
| Boolean values | 2.1 The different values in Oleo
| Business functions | 11.6 Business Functions

C |  |
| Cells, information about | 11.4 Structural Functions
| Command Line Options | 1.11 Command Line Options

D |  |
| Date and time functions | 11.7 Date Functions
| Defining keyboard macros | 8.1 Keyboard Macros

E |  |
| Error values | 1.13.3 Error Values
| Expressions | 1.13 Expressions
| Extending | 11.8 GSL Functions

F |  |
| Functions | 11. Functions
| Functions, business | 11.6 Business Functions
| Functions, date and time | 11.7 Date Functions
| Functions, math | 11.2 Elementary mathematical functions
| Functions, statistical | 11.2.3 Statistical Functions
| Functions, string manipulation | 11.3 String Functions
| Functions, structural | 11.4 Structural Functions

G |  |
| GNU Scientific Library | 11.8 GSL Functions
| GSL functions | 11.8 GSL Functions

I |  |
| Infix expressions | 1.13.1 Infix Expressions
| Information about a cell | 11.4 Structural Functions
| Input Defaults | 2.3 Editing in the input line

K |  |
| Keyboard macro | 8.1 Keyboard Macros

M |  |
| Math functions | 11.2 Elementary mathematical functions
| Multiple windows in Oleo | 5. Multiple Windows

N |  |
| noa0 mode | 1.2.1 noa0 Mode

O |  |
| Options | 6. Options

R |  |
| Ranges | 1.2 Cell Referencing
| Referencing cells | 1.2 Cell Referencing
| Relative references | 1.2 Cell Referencing

S |  |
| Saving keyboard macros | 8.3 Naming and Saving Keyboard Macros
| Scientific functions (GSL) | 11.8 GSL Functions
| Searching a range of cells | 11.5 Search Functions
| Selected window | 5.1 Concepts of Oleo Windows
| Statistical functions | 11.2.3 Statistical Functions
| String functions | 11.3 String Functions
| String values | 2.1 The different values in Oleo

T |  |
| Time and date functions | 11.7 Date Functions

W |  |
| Windows in Oleo | 5. Multiple Windows

[Top] | [Contents] | [Index] | [ ? ]

# Footnotes

### (1)

better than the high priced spread

### (2)

Note that the current range is given as upper-left corner to lower-right corner, even if the mark is to the lower left of the cursor (or vice versa). This is confusing.

### (3)

the doc doesn't seem to agree with the behavior; what is the intended behavior? the repeat counts seem to be ignored.

### (4)

This is always cell `A1` in the current version, but supposedly might change in the future.

### (5)

why -1?

### (6)

should these be changed - emacs uses 1 for 0, 2 for 1, and 3 for 2

### (7)

where is info on file formats?

### (8)

what is the default

### (9)

But what does this really do?

### (10)

what else can go here? can I set the default font here?

### (11)

This will be improved in the future.

### (12)

This can be subtle - some good examples are needed

### (13)

is this fixed?

### (14)

this does not appear to be implemented

### (15)

Should the set-user-format command check its input for validity?

### (16)

what is the unit of height

### (17)

is it?

### (18)

example? it it ``M-x set-option list ","'`?

### (19)

is it?

### (20)

I don't understand this

### (21)

nor do I understand this one

### (22)

actually, this does not print correctly - ghostscript gives an error

### (23)

I don't understand them

### (24)

what?

### (25)

example?

### (26)

gnuplot has 9 styles; should these be added?

### (27)

this is not a good choice

### (28)

does repeat count work?

### (29)

does it - it should

### (30)

is this correct?

### (31)

isn't this C-x =?

### (32)

yes it's trivial - how about something complex!

### (33)

how do I make a reference to a cell?

### (34)

Actually, due to a bug in version 1.5 str1 is searched for in str2.

### (35)

In version 1.5 this function counts indices from 0 instead of 1 as with other string functions; this is probably a bug.

### (36)

An empty cell is a cell with no value; a cell with an empty string value (`""`) would match anyway, since an empty string is a substring of an empty string.

[Top] | [Contents] | [Index] | [ ? ]

# Table of Contents

- 1. Basics

- 1.1 How to type commands
- 1.2 Cell Referencing

- 1.2.1 noa0 Mode
- 1.2.2 a0 Mode
- 1.2.3 Comparison

- 1.3 The Screen

- 1.3.1 The input line
- 1.3.2 The status line
- 1.3.3 The work area and its borders

- 1.4 The cell cursor and the mark
- 1.5 How updating works
- 1.6 Moving around the spreadsheet

- 1.6.1 Moving to a neighboring cell
- 1.6.2 Finding the next empty cell
- 1.6.3 Moving long distances
- 1.6.4 Examples of movement commands
- 1.6.5 Moving by screens

- 1.7 Using the mouse
- 1.8 Regions and Variables
- 1.9 Getting Help
- 1.10 Saving and Reading Spreadsheets
- 1.11 Command Line Options
- 1.12 The ``~/.oleorc'` file
- 1.13 Expressions

- 1.13.1 Infix Expressions
- 1.13.2 Examples
- 1.13.3 Error Values

- 2. Entering Data

- 2.1 The different values in Oleo
- 2.2 Entering values in a cell
- 2.3 Editing in the input line
- 2.4 Moving to the next input cell while editing

- 3. Making Changes

- 3.1 Copying
- 3.2 Moving Cells and Regions
- 3.3 Deleting
- 3.4 Inserting Rows and Columns

- 4. Style

- 4.1 Alignment
- 4.2 Formats for numbers

- 4.2.1 Simple Formats
- 4.2.2 General Formats
- 4.2.3 StyleExamples
- 4.2.4 User Defined Formats

- 4.3 Changing the height of cells
- 4.4 Changing the width of cells
- 4.5 Creating Hidden Rows and Columns
- 4.6 Protection
- 4.7 Fonts (in X11)

- 5. Multiple Windows

- 5.1 Concepts of Oleo Windows
- 5.2 Splitting Windows
- 5.3 Using Other Windows
- 5.4 Deleting and Rearranging Windows

- 6. Options

- 6.1 Changing Oleo's appearance
- 6.2 Options for the active window
- 6.3 Other Options

- 7. Printing and Plotting

- 7.1 Writing ASCII and Postscript Files
- 7.2 Graphing Using GNU Plotutils

- 7.2.1 Clearing the Plots
- 7.2.2 Choosing a data set
- 7.2.3 Changing the axes style
- 7.2.4 Viewing your choices
- 7.2.5 The Output Type
- 7.2.6 Picking a plot style
- 7.2.7 Naming a data set

- 8. Macros

- 8.1 Keyboard Macros
- 8.2 Basic Use
- 8.3 Naming and Saving Keyboard Macros

- 9. Programs

- 9.1 Writing One Line Programs
- 9.2 Multiple Commands in One Line
- 9.3 Writing Programs
- 9.4 Commands available in programs

- 10. Keymaps and defining keys
- 11. Functions

- 11.1 Boolean Functions
- 11.2 Elementary mathematical functions

- 11.2.1 General Math Functions
- 11.2.2 Trigonometric Functions
- 11.2.3 Statistical Functions

- 11.3 String Functions
- 11.4 Structural Functions
- 11.5 Search Functions
- 11.6 Business Functions
- 11.7 Date Functions
- 11.8 GSL Functions

- 12. Extending the Oleo system

- 12.1 Adding new at Functions

- 13. Reporting Bugs
- 14. A Motif Graphical User Interface for Oleo

- 14.1 Motif Introduction
- 14.2 LessTif
- 14.3 Advantages
- 14.4 What you need
- 14.5 Alternatives
- 14.6 Using the mouse
- 14.7 Using the keyboard shortcuts
- 14.8 Using Help
- 14.9 Fallback
- 14.10 Motif Buttons in a Spreadsheet Cell

- 15. Accessing Databases

- 15.1 Database Access Introduction
- 15.2 MySQL
- 15.3 Xbase

- 16. Key Index
- 17. Command Index
- 18. Function Index
- 19. Options Index
- 20. Concept Index

[Top] | [Contents] | [Index] | [ ? ]

# Short Table of Contents

1. Basics
2. Entering Data
3. Making Changes
4. Style
5. Multiple Windows
6. Options
7. Printing and Plotting
8. Macros
9. Programs
10. Keymaps and defining keys
11. Functions
12. Extending the Oleo system
13. Reporting Bugs
14. A Motif Graphical User Interface for Oleo
15. Accessing Databases
16. Key Index
17. Command Index
18. Function Index
19. Options Index
20. Concept Index

[Top] | [Contents] | [Index] | [ ? ]

# About this document

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where the Example assumes that the current position is at Subsubsection One-Two-Three of a document of the following structure:

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